Rheumatoide Arthritis

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Private Sector Consultants and Public Universities: the challenges of cross-sectoral knowledge transfers

Since the early 1990s, European higher education has been undergoing drastic changes with regard to the organisation and governance of academic work. The political emphasis on higher education autonomy and accountability went hand in hand with the introduction of market type steering devices and a new discourse regarding the universities' responsibilities to society. This article is about both carriers of diffusion processes that are crucial in disseminating private sector logics and the limits to such processes. By taking into account contradictory societal pressures towards isomorphism and differentiation; we will draw on neo-institutionalism and the sociological systems theory to provide a definition of privatisation in higher education. Especially, we are interested in detecting systematic limits to the privatisation of higher education. We therefore examine a relatively recent phenomenon in higher education governance: the increasing reliance of institutions on management consulting services. First findings show that the more market-centred a higher education system is, the more readily it accepts the economic rationale of the consulting business. Nevertheless, our study also stresses that management consultancy for higher education institutions is of limited scope. Systemic differences remain unbroken as the adherence to different value systems, communication patterns and resources limit the scope of external, private consulting activities in higher education.     

Using the Internet for Gerontology Education: Assessing and Improving Wikipedia

Older adults, students, professionals, and the general public increasingly turn to the Internet and to Wikipedia for information. Wikipedia, the world's sixth most used website, is by far the most widely used open-source information site. Among its nearly four million English-language encyclopedia articles, how thorough is coverage of key gerontology topics?

Focusing on 315 important terms found across four leading gerontology sources, almost 3 out of 10 terms had no Wikipedia article at all, including some surprising omissions. And another 3 out of 10 terms had articles that treated the topic without any specific mention of aging. Only about 4 out of 10 terms had articles with content focusing on aging; however, using various measures, the articles that were relevant rated comparatively high overall.

This popular encyclopedia is a work in progress and was found to have considerable room for improvement in its coverage of gerontology. Interested parties can upgrade its content by working as individuals, as organized WikiProjects, or in academic courses. This paper describes how faculty can incorporate assignments where students expand and improve Wikipedia pages based on course research about specific aging topics. While educating their students, they can simultaneously help educate older adults as well as the general public about gerontology.     

BIOGRAPHY

Biography: Halfway to Freedom, by Margaret Bourke-White. Simon and Schuster. 245 pp. 115 photographs. $3.50.

The Thread That Runs So True, by Jesse Stuart. Charles Scribner's Sons. 293 pages. $3.00.

Education: Audio-Visual Aids to Instruction, by Harry C. McKown and Alivin B. Roberts. McGraw-Hill Book Company. 595 pages, $4.00.

Counseling and Discipline, by E. G. Williamson and J. D. Foley. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. 379 pp. $3.75.

Education for Social Competence, by I. James Quillen and Lavone A. Hanna. Scott, Foresman &; Co. 572 pp.

Foundations of Methods for Secondary Schools, by I. N. Thut and J. Raymond Gerberich. McGraw-Hill, 493 pp. $4.00.

Group Guidance. Principles, Techniques, and Evaluation, by Robert Hoppock. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 393 pp. $3.75.

Guide to Research in Educational History, by William W. Brickman. New York University Bookstore. 220 pp. $2.75.

Out-of-School Vocational Guidance, by Roswell H. Ward. Harper &; Brothers. 155 pp. $2.50.

Rural School Management, by Ernest Hilton, American Book Company. 278 pp. $3.25.

Teaching in the High School, by Harl R. Douglass and Hubert H. Mills. The Ronald Press Co. 616 pp. $4.50.

Teaching the Youngest, by Mabel Louise Culkin. The Macmillan Company. 215 pp. $3.00.

The Gates Open Slowly, A History of Education in Kentucky, by Frank L. McVey: University of Kentucky Press, Lexington, Kentucky. 314 pp. $4.00.

Government: Latin American Politics and Government, by Austin F. Macdonald. Thomas Y. Crowell Company. $4.40.

The Country of the Blind, by George S. Counts and Nucia Lodge. Houghton Mifflin Company, 386 pp. $4.00.

History: The Story of Illinois by Theodore Calvin Pease. The University of Chicago Press. 260 pp. $5.00. This Is Illinois: A Pictorial History by Jay Monaghan. The University of Chicago Press. 210 pp. $5.00.

Literature: Patterns for Living, Third Edition. Edited by Oscar James Campbell, Justine Van Gundy and Caroline Shrodes. The Macmillan Co. 951 pages, Price $4.00.

Poetry and Prose of Walt Whitman, Inner Sanctum Edition, Edited by Louis Untermeyer, Simon and Schuster. 1224 pp. $5.00.

Trends in Literature by Joseph T. Shipley. Philosophical Library, New York. 457 pp. $4.75.

Philosophy: The Perennial Scope of Philosophy by Karl Jaspers. Philosophical Library. 183 pp. $3.00.

Psychology: Psychological Factors in Education by Henry Beaumont and Freeman Glenn Macomber. McGraw-Hill Company. 308 pp. $3.00.

Religion: Forgotten Religions (Including Some Living Primitive Religions) edited by Vergilius Ferm. The Philosophical Library. 392 pp. $7.50.     

The interactive effect of exercise and immunosuppressant cyclosporin A on immune function in mice

Abstract

The determination of the ventilatory threshold has been a persistent problem in research and clinical practice. Several computerized methods have been developed to overcome the subjectivity of visual methods but it remains unclear whether different computerized methods yield similar results. The purpose of this study was to compare nine regression-based computerized methods for the determination of the ventilatory threshold. Two samples of young and healthy volunteers (n = 30 each) participated in incremental treadmill protocols to volitional fatigue. The ventilatory data were averaged in 20-s segments and analysed with a computer program. Significant variance among methods was found in both samples (Sample 1: F = 11.50; Sample 2: F = 11.70, P < 0.001 for both). The estimates of the ventilatory threshold ranged from 2.47 litres · min^?1 (71%[Vdot]O_2max) to 3.13 litres · min^?1 (90%[Vdot]O_2max) in Sample 1 and from 2.37 litres · min^?1 (67%[Vdot]O_2max) to 3.03 litres · min^?1 (83%[Vdot]O_2max) in Sample 2. The substantial differences between methods challenge the practice of relying on any single computerized method. A standardized protocol, likely based on a combination of methods, might be necessary to increase the methodological consistency in both research and clinical practice.