Die Audio-visuellen Hilfsmittel und der Sprachunterricht Antwerpen, 3.–7. April 1963

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

The case of the Swedish-speaking Finns

Conclusion It has often beeen stated that the Swedish-speaking population in Finland, compared to other linguistic minorities, has achieved a privileged position. Historically the Finnish nation-state was born and grew by the efforts of both language groups, and the constitution was influenced by this unity. The geopolitical situation has gained from the fact that the resources of the whole population have been taken into account in the development of the Finnish nation and state, located in a Northern Europe, where, for centuries, different political, cultural and religions forces have met. The fact that the Orthodox Church together with the predominant Lutheran Church became the state church is another example of the efforts of the young Finnish state to both integrate and mobilize the personal resources.Regarding the future it will be wise to support specific traditions, competencies and creative forces from the whole population. The education, rooted in a language and a specific culture can, in such a perspective, probably not be overevaluated. From the Swedish point of view it is therefore of the greatest importance to maintain fundamental guarantees for a Swedish-speaking education. Only far-going guarantees liberate creative resources for the future challenges nationally and above all internationally. Otherwise too much energy and interest will be needed to guard the specific and in itself justified interests.Today, when the economic prerequisites in a welfare state are not taken for granted it is by all means a wise policy to defend the approved strategy to at the same time integrate and mobilize the total resources from different groups in the society.     

When Empirical Success Implies Theoretical Reference: A Structural Correspondence Theorem

Starting from a brief recapitulation of the contemporary debateon scientific realism, this paper argues for the following thesis:Assume a theory T has been empirically successful in a domainof application A, but was superseded later on by a superiortheory T^*, which was likewise successful in A but has an arbitrarilydifferent theoretical superstructure. Then under natural conditionsT contains certain theoretical expressions, which yielded T'sempirical success, such that these T-expressions correspond(in A) to certain theoretical expressions of T^*, and given T^*is true, they refer indirectly to the entities denoted by theseexpressions of T^*. The thesis is first motivated by a studyof the phlogiston–oxygen example. Then the thesis is provedin the form of a logical theorem, and illustrated by furtherexamples. The final sections explain how the correspondencetheorem justifies scientific realism and work out the advantagesof the suggested account.

1. Introduction: Pessimistic Meta-induction vs. Structural Correspondence
2. The Case of the Phlogiston Theory
3. Steps Towards a SystematicCorrespondence Theorem
4. The Correspondence Theorem and ItsOntological Interpretation
5. Further Historical Applications
6. Discussion of the Correspondence Theorem: Objections and Replies
7. Consequences for Scientific Realism and Comparison with OtherPositions

   7.1 Comparison with constructive empiricism

   7.2Major difference from standard scientific realism

   7.3 Fromminimal realism and correspondence to scientific realism

   7.4Comparison with particular realistic positions

     

Euroethics--a database network on biomedical ethics

BACKGROUND: EUROETHICS is a database covering European literature on ethics in medicine. It is produced within Eurethnet, a European information network on ethics in medicine and biotechnology. OBJECTIVES: The aim of Euroethics is to disseminate information on European bioethical literature that may otherwise be difficult to find. METHODS: A collaboration model for pooling data from different centres was developed. The policy was to accomplish data uniformity, while still allowing for local differences in terms of software, indexing practices and resources. Records contributed to the database follow common standards in terms of data fields and indexing terms. The indexing terms derive from two thesauri, Thesaurus Ethics in the Life Sciences (TELS) and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Combining elements from search tools developed previously, the developers sought to find a technical solution optimized for this data model. An approach relying on a thesaurus database that is loaded along with the bibliographic database is described. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The present case study offers examples of possible approaches to several tasks often encountered in database development, such as: merging data from diverse sources, getting the most out of indexing terms used in a database, and handling more than one thesaurus in the same system.     

Providing better education services to the poor: Accountability and context in the case of Guatemalan decentralization

We explore how two community-based reform models align with the World Bank’s World Development Report 2004 accountability framework. Using a qualitative case study of rural Guatemalan primary schools, we examine local governance through interviews with a range of stakeholders.