The new social studies,textbooks, and reform in social studies

The New Social Studies curriculum development movement was short-lived, in part because project staff were not sensitive to the realities of the educational context within which their materials and methods would be used. Although textbook-based recitation persists in social studies classrooms, textbooks are not a ready mechanism for reform. Among the reasons are the institutional constraints on publishers and the difficulty in effecting curricular change without appropriate teacher preparation and modifications in the educational environment. James P. Shaver id professor of secondary education, associate dean for research, College of Education, and acting dean of the School of Graduate Studies, Utah State University, Logan. He has been president of the National Council for the Social Studies and has received NCSS’s Citation for Exemplary Research. His numerous books and articles include materials for students, research reports, and discussion of educational rationale-building, rationales for social studies education, and research philosophy.     

The reliability of distance run tests for children in grades K-4.

The purpose of this study was to determine test-retest reliability for the 1-mile, 3/4-mile, and 1/2-mile distance run/alk tests for children in Grades K-4. Fifty-one intact physical education classes were randomly assigned to one of the three distance run conditions. A total of 1,229 (621 boys, 608 girls) completed the test-retests in the fall (October), with 1,050 of these students (543 boys, 507 girls) repeating the tests in the spring (May). Results indicated that the 1-mile run/walk distance, as recommended for young children in most national test batteries, has acceptable intraclass reliability (.83 less than R less than .90) for both boys and girls in Grades 3 and 4, has minimal (fall) to acceptable (spring) reliability for Grade 2 students (.70 less than R less than .83), but is not reliable for children in Grades K and 1 (.34 less than R less than .56). The 1/2 mile was the only distance meeting minimal reliability standards for boys and girls in Grades K and 1 (.73 less than R less than .82). Results also indicated that reliability estimates remained fairly stable across gender and age groups from the fall to spring testing periods, with the exception of the noticeably improved values for Grade 2 students on the 1-mile run/walk test. Criterion-referenced reliability (P, percent agreement) was also estimated relative to Physical Best and Fitnessgram run/walk standards. Reliability coefficients for all age group standards were acceptable to high (.70 less than P less than .95), except for Fitnessgram standards for 5-year-old girls on the 1-mile test for both fall and spring and for 6-year-old boys and girls on the 1-mile test administered in the spring.     

培养和激发自我效能感与体操教学

采用文献资料法、问卷调查法、实验对比法和数理统计法,运用自我效能感的原理,在高师体育教育专业体操教学中进行培养和激发学生及教师自我效能感的实验研究.结果表明,实验班成绩优于对照班,且有非常显著性的差异;在体操教学中培养和激发学生及教师的自我效能感,可以有效地提高体操教学的效果和学生的成绩.     

我国篮球运动后备人才可持续发展的对策研究

结合我国的实际情况提出了我国篮球运动后备人才可持续发展的对策：提高教练员的素质和能力；建立及优化篮球运动选材和评价系统；不断完善、优化篮球训练条件；完善篮球后备人才培养体制；完善现行的篮球竞赛制度；加强篮球运动员的化学习和管理。     

亚运会与城市现代化的互动及其办亚运基本策略的研究

为研究亚运会与城市现代化的循环互动发展关系，采用献资料研究、专家调查、系统综合分析法，本得出的研究结果是：用建设全面小康的理论，从宏观上探明城市现代化的内涵；就广州现有建设为办亚运会提供的基础与显示四个优势要素：国际大赛——广州亚运会对广州城市化社会发展的促进作用；以广州经济化一体化为支撑的广州亚运会的三个基本策略。