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41.
In the distance teaching institutions where e‐learning initiatives are underway and where the planners and administrators grapple with effective adoption and deployment of technology‐enabled education, faculty attitude and motivation assume considerable significance. Attitudinal pre‐dispositions and institutional and allied barriers (including appropriate policy initiatives) are assumed to play a crucial role in making an effective shift from traditional distance education delivery to web‐enabled education and training. Such issues are especially critical to single mode mega universities like the Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). This article reports the findings of a study conducted to examine the attitudes of faculty members from IGNOU towards e‐learning, and to identify barriers and motivators of e‐learning adoption and use. IGNOU, with about 1.5 million students scattered over 32 countries, has been offering e‐learning programs for almost a decade. The findings suggest that extensive use of computers and email has a high relationship with positive attitudes towards e‐learning. The most significant barriers perceived by the faculty included poor internet access by students and lack of training on e‐learning, followed by institutional policy on and instructional design for e‐learning. The important motivators included personal interest to use technology, intellectual challenge, and sufficient provision for technology infrastructure. L'E‐Learning dans une Mega Université Ouverte: les attitudes du corps enseignant, les barrières et les facteurs de motivation Dans les institutions d'enseignement à distance où des initiaitves de mise en place de l'e‐learning sont en cours et où les planificateurs et les administrateurs luttent pour faire adopter et lancer des formations assistées par la technologie, l'attitude et la motivation des professeurs revêtent une signification considérable. On a tendance à penser que les attitudes acquises et les barrières institutionnelles ou autres (y compris les choix de politiques appropriées) jouent un rôle crucial pour effectuer le passage d'une distribution traditionnelle de l'enseignement à distance vers un enseignement et une formation assurés grace à Internet. Ces questions ont une importance critique particulière dans les mega universités «univoques» comme l'Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). Le présent article communique les résultats d'une enquête menée auprès des enseignants dans plusieurs facultés de l'IGNOU et portant sur leur attitude vis à vis de l'e‐learning et sur les facteurs de blocage ou de motivation par rapport à l'adoption et à l'usage de l'e‐learning. Cette université qui compte environ 1,5 millions d'étudiants répandus dans 32 pays, offre des programmes d'e‐learning depuis près d'une décennie. A ce stade, cette enquête est primordiale et les résultats permettent de penser que l'usage très répandu des ordinateurs et du courrier électronique a influé fortement sur les attitudes positives vis à vis de l'e‐learning; quant aux obstacles les plus marquants que notent les professeurs, on relève un mauvais accès à Internet pour les étudiants et le manque de formation pour l'e‐learning suivis par les politiques institutionnelles et la conception des cours en fonction de l'e‐learning. Au nombre des facteurs de motivation importants on relève l'intérêt personnel pour l'emploi de la technologie, le défi intellectuel et la mise en place de moyens suffisants pour une infrastructure d'enseignement assisté par l'informatique. E Lernen an einer ‘Mega Open University’: Einstellung des Lehrkörpers, Barrieren und Ermutigungen In den Fernlehreinrichtungen, in denen e‐learning Initiativen üblich sind, und wo die Planer und Verwalter mit wirksamer Adoption und dem Einsatz von technisch möglicher Unterrichtstechnik ringen, gewinnen die Einstellungen der Fakultät und Motivationen beträchtliche Bedeutung. Man kann annehmen, dass Voreinstellungen und institutionelle und artverwandte Hemmnisse (einschließlich entsprechender Politikinitiativen) eine entscheidende Rolle beim Umstieg von traditioneller Fernlehr‐Kommunikation zu web‐aktiver Bildung und Ausbildung spielen. Solche Streitfragen sind besonders kritisch bei ‘single mode mega’‐Universitäten wie der Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU). Dieser Artikel berichtet über die Ergebnisse einer Studie über die Einstellungen verschiedener Fakultäten von IGNOU in Bezug auf ihre Einstellung zu e‐Learning, verschiedenen Barrieren und auch Motivationen zur Einführung und Verwendung von e‐Learning. Die Universität mit etwa 1,5 Millionen Studenten, die über 32 Ländern verteilt sind, hat seit fast einem Jahrzehnt e‐Learning Programme angeboten. Eine Studie dieser Art ist entscheidend auf dieser Entwicklungsstufe: Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass weitreichende Verwendung von Computern und E‐Mail‐Einrichtungen hohe Beziehung zu positiver Einstellung zu e‐Lernen hatte. Die am deutlichsten wahrgenommenen Hemmnisse ergaben sich durch geringe Internetnutzung von Studenten und Mangel an Ausbildung in e‐Learning, gefolgt von institutioneller Politik und Fehlen von beispielhaften e‐Learning‐Programmen. Die wichtigen Motivatoren schlossen persönliches Interesse zur Nutzung von Technik, intellektuelle Herausforderung und ausreichende Möglichkeit zur Nutzung von CMC Infrastruktur ein. El e‐Learning dentro de una mega Universidad Abierta: las actitudes del cuerpo docente, las barreras y los incentivos Dentro de las instituciones de educación a distancia donde iniciativas de e‐learning están en curso, mientras que los administradores y técnicos de planifiación están afrontando la problemática de una adopción efectiva y del despliegue de una educación asistida por la tecnología, las actitudes y la motivación del cuerpo docente están asumiendo una fuerte relevancia. Se supone que las actitudes preexistentes y las barreras institucionales y otras semejantes (incluso la elección de políticas adecuadas) desempeñan un papel decisivo en una transición efectiva del modo tradicional de distribución de la educación a distancia hacia cursos y formaciones asistidos por la web. Esa problemática es particularmente crítica dentro de las mega universidades de modo único como la Universidad Nacional Abierta Indira Gandhi (IGNOU). Este artículo presenta los resultados de una encuesta sobre el cuerpo docente que se hizó en varias Facultades y departamentos de la IGNOU sobre las actitudes acerca del e‐learning y las diferentes barreras y incentivos para su adopción y uso. Esta universidad con casi 1,5 milliones de estudiantes diseminados en más de 32 países ha sido ofreciendo programas de e‐learning desde hace casi una década. En esta fase este tipo de investigación es fundamental; y los resultados nos permiten pensar que el uso extensivo de los ordenadores y del correo electrónico está fuertemente vinculado a actitudes positivas acerca del e‐learning; entre las barreras más destacadas, los profesores mencionaban el malo acceso de los estudiantes a Internet y la falta de formación para el e‐learning seguidos por las políticas institucionales y el diseño curricular para ese mismo e‐learning; entre los incentivos fuertes destacaban el intérès personal en el uso de la tecnología,el desafío intelectual y los recursos suficientes para una infraestructura destinada a la enseñanza asistida por ordenador. 相似文献
42.
In light of the focus placed on English education by the colonial government, and the petition signed by 70,000 local inhabitants of the Madras Presidency, Lord John Elphinstone, the Governor, made efforts to disseminate English education during his governorship (1837–1842). Spurred on by the petition, Elphinstone wrote two fundamental educational minutes, in 1839 and 1841, and established Madras High School. Later, the School was transformed into Presidency College and became the first home of the University of Madras. Elphinstone’s planning led to the first systematic effort by the Madras government to impart English education. Subsequently, Elphinstone emphasised the dissemination of secular education and inclusion of native people in educational administration. Against this background, this paper discusses the contribution of Elphinstone to the educational development of Madras. It also questions the historiographical neglect of Elphinstone and challenges the established post-colonial discourse that the establishment of English institutions was a ‘colonialist’ imposition. 相似文献
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This article evaluates the progress in literacy among the Indian states, from an age-cohort perspective. It argues that age-cohort analysis offers a robust understanding of the dynamics of literacy progress. The article clearly brings out the fact that, despite the accomplishment of universal elementary education, achieving the goal of full literacy is quite difficult, owing to the existence of an out-of-school-age illiterate population. Thus, the study suggests provision of an effective adult-literacy programme along with universal elementary education in order to realize the goal of full literacy. Further, it argues that comparisons based on the average literacy rate have led to a computation of a “literacy deprivation index” adjusted with age structure—and that such adjustment leads us to view the literacy gap across all the states as wider, given that it assumes lower values. This minimal standardization, along with the age structure of the population, offers a valid comparison of this commonly used indicator. Its prospect of progress, too, is largely dependent upon the emerging age structure of the population as a result of the unfolding demographic transition. 相似文献
48.
Sanjaya Mishra 《Distance Education》2017,38(3):369-380
Enthusiasts and evangelists of open educational resources (OER) see these resources as a panacea for all of the problems of education. However, despite its promises, their adoption in educational institutions is slow. There are many barriers to the adoption of OER, and many are from within the community of OER advocates. This commentary calls for a wider discussion to remove these barriers to mainstreaming OER in teaching and learning and argues for a rethinking of the idea of ‘open’ to make it more inclusive by redefining the concept. It reminds us of the original thinking behind OER – which was to create universally available educational resources that can improve the quality of teaching and learning. This commentary posits arguments against conflating OER and open education, questions the narrow definitions of OER, and raises issues around how to be more flexible and open to mainstreaming OER and removing barriers from within the OER movement. 相似文献
49.
Impact of Chronic Lead Exposure on Selected Biological Markers 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Ambica P. Jangid P. J. John D. Yadav Sandhya Mishra Praveen Sharma 《Indian journal of clinical biochemistry : IJCB》2012,27(1):83-89
Lead poisoning remains a major problem in India due to the lack of awareness of its ill effects among the clinical community.
Blood lead, δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (δ-ALAD) and zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) concentrations are widely used as biomarkers
for lead toxicity The present study was designed to determine the impact of chronic lead exposure on selected biological markers.
A total of 250 subjects, of both sexes, ranging in age from 20 to 70 years, were recruited. On the basis of BLLs, the subjects
were categorized into four groups: Group A (BLL: 0–10 μg/dl), Group B (BLL: 10–20 μg/dl). Group C (BLL: 20–30 μg/dl) and Group
D (BLL: 30–40 μg/dl) having BLLs of 3.60 ± 2.71 μg/dl, 15.21 ± 2.65 μg/dl, 26.82 ± 2.53 μg/dl and 36.38 ± 2.83 μg/dl, respectively.
Significant changes in biological markers due to elevated BLLs were noted. The relation of BLL and biological markers to demographic
characteristics such as sex, habits, diet and substances abuse (smoking effect) were also studied in the present investigation.
Males, urban population, non-vegetarians, and smokers had higher blood lead levels. δ-ALAD activity was found to be significantly
lower with increased BLL (P < 0.001), while the ZPP level was significantly higher with increased BLL (P < 0.001). Further, BLL showed a negative correlation with δ-ALAD (r = −0.425, P < 0.001, N = 250) and a positive correlations with ZPP (r = 0.669, P < 0.001, N = 250). Chronic lead exposure affects the prooxidant-antioxidant equilibrium leading to cellular oxidative stress. 相似文献
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