运动损伤的心理学

1　根据你们的经验和现有的科学资料信息 ,是否存在与运动损伤有关的重要心理因素或性格类型 ?Gould博士 :很少发现运动员的个性特点与运动损伤的发生有关。然而 ,已经证明心理压力的存在可预示运动损伤发生的增加。从一些生活中的较大事情 (比如失去亲人等 ) ,以及日常小事的争吵中形成的压力 ,与运动损伤风险的增加有关。当然 ,一般情况下 ,心理因素本身并不引起损伤。而当其它不利的身体条件 ,比如肌肉协调性下降 ,或当运动员处在很可能受伤的情况下 ,心理因素就会增加运动损伤的风险。人们认为 ,压力增大运动损伤的风险性 ,是因为压力…     

Why Teenagers Watch Television: implications for educational television

Few media producers have the opportunity to plan their productions on the basis of systematic research. In long‐term series planning, however, they should not hesitate to collect even quite simple data in order to assess their audience's tastes. The present paper outlines research into teenage viewing preferences undertaken prior to production of a series for CITY‐TV, Toronto. It summarises the information generated and illustrates the uses of a simple and informative research approach at the production level.     

Education and internal migration: A review and report

In April 1981, the Education Study Group of the Development Studies Association (of Britain) held a workshop on “Education and Migration” at Liverpool University. The following seven papers form an extended summary of the proceedings, offering a general review and cases in five countries, four African and one Latin American.The broad conclusion is that the propensity to migrate from rural to urban areas tends to rise with educational attainment. However, structural factors within a society as well as changing economic circumstances can affect the relationship. The increased availability of schooling will tend to reduce the migration of the less schooled, to the presumed benefit of their home areas.     

YouTube-based course orientation videos delivered prior to matriculation fail to alleviate medical student anxiety about anatomy

Gross anatomy is a source of anxiety for matriculating medical students due to the large volume of information presented in a truncated timeline, and because it may be their first exposure to human cadavers. This study aimed to assess if video-based resources would affect matriculating medical students' anatomy state anxiety levels. Videos were designed to be short, YouTube-based units that served to provide orientation information about the anatomy course, dissection facilities, and available study resources to dispel anxiety around beginning their anatomy studies. To evaluate the impact of the videos, students in two consecutive matriculating years (2018 and 2019) completed the validated State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and a demographic questionnaire. The 2019 cohort (n = 118) served as the experimental group with access to the videos; while the 2018 cohort (n = 120) without video access served as a historical control. Analyses revealed that the groups were equivalent in terms of trait anxiety (P = 0.854) and anatomy state anxiety even when student video exposure was controlled (P = 0.495). Anatomy state anxiety was only significantly lower in students with prior formal anatomy exposure (P = 0.006). Further inquiry into students' prior anatomy experience identified that individuals with post-secondary dissection experience were significantly less anxious than those without formal anatomical experience (P = 0.023). These results may serve as a cautionary tale to educators; while preference for video-based instructional materials is prevalent in the literature, videos delivered on public social media platforms fail to prepare students for the psychological impact of studying human anatomy.     

Attitudes of Volunteer Coaches toward Significant Youth Sport Issues

A questionnaire consisting of 20 positive and negative statements frequently made about youth sports was completed by 423 nonschool youth sport coaches from Illinois and Missouri. The coaches indicated to what degree they agreed with the statements for the sport in general, and for the particular program in which they coached. Coaches from eight sports were sampled: baseball/softball, basketball, football, gymnastics, hockey, soccer, swimming, and wrestling. The results revealed that coaches have generally favorable attitudes toward youth sports, supporting the value of participation for the well-being of children. One exception to the coaches' generally favorable attitudes was their moderate agreement that too much emphasis is placed on winning. It also was found that the coaches' 20 specific agreement ratings could be reduced to 4 interpretable factors—“positive attitudes,” “negative facets of youth sports programs,” “negative consequences for participants,” and “equipment and facilities not adequate.” Factor scores computed for these factors were found to differ as a function of sport coached and the coach's education, formal training, coaching experience, sex, occupation, and community size. In a second section of the survey, the coaches rated the importance of including various technical and sport science topics in coaching clinics and workshops.