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81.
Randomised controlled trial of incentives to improve attendance at adult literacy classes 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Background: Incentives have been proposed as a method to improve attendance in adult literacy classes. In the UK, several areas have piloted the use of incentives to promote attendance at adult literacy classes. To date no rigorous evaluation of this policy has been undertaken. This paper describes (as far as we are aware) the only UK‐based randomised controlled trial to evaluate the use of financial incentives in order to promote attendance in classes for adult learners. Methods: We used a cluster‐randomised design. Twenty‐nine adult literacy classes were randomised in two groups using minimisation. Intervention group learners received £5 (US$10) for each class attended. The main outcome was class attendance; the secondary outcome was literacy scores. Results: After allocation, one class was found to be ineligible for the study. In the 28 remaining classes there was a statistically significant reduction of about 1.5 sessions (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.28, 2.79; p = 0.019) attended by the intervention group compared with control, after adjusting for cluster size and baseline scores. The difference in reading scores between the intervention and control group, conditioned on baseline scores, was ?2.38 (with controls scoring higher than the intervention group), but this difference was not statistically significant (95% CI ?7.40 to 2.57, p = 0.33). Conclusion: Payments to attend adult literacy classes had an adverse effect on attendance. This trial needs urgent replication, ideally with a larger incentive, before this approach is widely used by policy makers. 相似文献
82.
This paper argues that theorizations of the state which are sensitive to both its durability and its permeability, and theorizations which can account for the massive interconnections between local and global forces as well as different material and discursive sites are missing from contemporary work in the sociology of education. Drawing on Foucault's notion of 'governmentality' as a key resource for addressing this impasse, the authors highlight the constant fabrication of racial identity through the production of the pure space of racial origins or 'resentment'—the process of defining one's identity through the negation of the other. This dynamic, the article maintains, now informs key discourses both in popular culture and education. The authors conclude that these processes operate in tandem in the prosecution of the politics of racial exclusion in our times, informing key policy debates, including those around affirmative action and bilingual education. 相似文献
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84.
Average and advanced readers from the fourth and sixth grades read visually presented words as rapidly as possible. Target words were preceded by a related prime word, an unrelated word, or a neutral warning stimulus. Related trials constituted 75% of the word prime trials for half of the subjects in each group, and only 25% for the other half. All groups were sensitive to this proportion manipulation, showing only faster naming times for related targets in the 25% condition. In the 75% condition, subjects showed inhibition for unrelated targets, as well as facilitation for related targets. The results indicate that the ability to use context deliberately to facilitate word recognition reaches asymptote for the average reader by the sixth grade at the latest, and perhaps by the fourth. This ability does not appear to be one that shows further improvements at higher levels of reading skill. Some possible reasons for the discrepancies between this research and that using incomplete sentence contexts are considered. 相似文献
85.
Amid growing criticism of public universities, there is little discussion of what appropriate institutional evaluation would
entail. Six-year graduation rates are commonly used, and public bachelors granting institutions have lower rates than private
institutions, but with the growth in non-traditional college attendance, these can be misleading. We develop a regression
analysis as a way to evaluate institutions serving vastly different populations. We do this with a dataset constructed from
publicly available sources and focus on the evaluation of public colleges. We show that public colleges are able to do more
with less: our models suggest that with equivalent resources and student populations, public schools would graduate a slightly
larger percentage of students than privates. Since financial resources come from very different sources, we evaluate this
finding closely. 相似文献
86.
Greg Bak 《Journal Of Archival Organization》2016,13(1-2):2-18
How we imagine records affects what we acquire and how we manage it. I take up the call from Arjun Appadurai to view archives as deliberate creations, and from Hugh Taylor to use imagination as a means of creative engagement with archival theory. I explore how we can reimagine archival work, mandates, and records by eschewing divisions of content and metadata, acknowledging items and aggregations to be interchangeable concepts, and integrating data about use into archival data management. 相似文献
87.
David. M. Kelly Anthony. J Strudwick Greg Atkinson Barry Drust Warren Gregson 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(14):1328-1332
ABSTRACTThe measurement of relative physiological stress during training is important because this is the stimulus for the long-term adaptive response. Measurements of perceived exertion (RPE) have been reported to correlate with the heart rate during field-based training sessions. Nevertheless, there are few studies on how well RPE tracks with the heart rate over repeated training sessions in elite soccer players. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the within-participant correlations between variability in session-RPE (sRPE) and the heart rate in elite male soccer players, and to determine whether the playing position moderated these correlations. The field-based training of four central defenders, four wide defenders, six central midfielders, two wide midfielders and three attackers from an elite English Premier League squad were monitored over an entire in-season competitive period, giving a total of 1010 individual training sessions for study. Correlations between session-RPE and heart rates were quantified using a within-participant model. The correlation between changes in sRPE and heart rates was r = 0.75 (95% CI: 0.71–0.78). This correlation remained high across the various player positions (wide-defender, r = 0.81; central-defender, r = 0.74; wide midfielder, r = 0.70; central midfielder, r = 0.70; attacker, r = 0.84; P < 0.001). The correlation between changes in RPE and heart rates, measured during a season-long period of field-based training, is high in a sample of elite soccer players. 相似文献
88.
Greg Carlson 《海外英语》2008,(12):36
Should we easily wail about the embarrassment and the unfairness of life?Or should we accept obstacles as challenges?With a choice of stance we can allow ourselves to be oppressed victims.When anything happens to us,we can take it as a sign that we should not expect anything good out of our lives.These are times when we need to determine whether it is wisdom or fear that motivates us in our choices.…… 相似文献
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90.