The Identification and Assessment of Young Children with Movement Difficulties Identification et e´valuation des jeunes souffrant de difficulte´s d'ordre moteur La Identificación y Evaluación de Niños de Preescolar con Problemas de Movimento

The period from two to seven years is generally recognised as a time of acquisition of a large repertoire of fundamental movement skills. However, some children arrive at school lacking in the movement skills necessary to cope with the demands of the school environment. For some, this could be a direct result of lack of experience, while for others it could be a far more complex problem with potential long-term consequences. As a first step to intervene with children showing movement skill problems, accurate assessment is crucial. The current study aims to produce a checklist which accurately identifies and assesses children with movement difficulties in a valid and reliable manner, such that appropriate intervention strategies can be applied. The collection of data involved checklists being completed by teachers for 420 three- to five-year-old children. Analysis showed that the checklist identifies movement difficulties in this age group and significant differences were found between children who display movement difficulties and those who do not. Interrater reliability and test-retest reliability were very strong, and both were found to be highly significant. A validity study focusing on the predictive validity confirmed the usefulness of the checklist. En générale on considère l'âge de 2 à 7 ans comme le période quand l'enfant acquérit un grand repertoire des capacités fondamentales du mouvement. Néanmoins, il y en a qui arrive au collège manquant des capacités fondamentales nécessaires pour faire face aux exigences de l'ambience scolaire. Pour quelques enfants cela pourrait être le résultat direct de la faute d'expérience, pendant que pour des autres il pourrait provenir d'un problème beaucoup plus difficile avec des conséquences à la longue. Comme première mesure d'intervention dans les cas des enfants qui démontrent des problèmes dans la capacité du mouvement il est nécessaire d'arriver àune évaluation réussie. L'objectif de cette etude est la réalisation d'une liste de contrôle qui identifiera et qui évaluaera d'une fac¸on valable et sûre les enfants avec les difficultés du mouvement, pour que les stratégies d'intervention les plus appropriées soient appliquées. La compilation des données provient des listes de contrôle remplies par des professeurs pour 420 enfants entre les âges de 3 et 5 ans. L'analyse a vérifié que la liste de contrôle peût identifier les difficultés dans la capacité du mouvement dans le cas des enfants dans cette tranche d'âge, et on a constaté aussi des différences significatives entre les enfants qui montrent des difficulties dans le mouvement et ceux qui ne les montrent pas. Les accords inter-observateur et la fidélité épreuve test-retest étaient très forts et les deux étaient très importants. Une étude de fidelité qui a considéré la validité de prédiction a vérifié l'utilité de la liste de contrôle. Generalmente se consideran las edades de 2 a 7 años como el período cuando el niño adquiere un gran repertorio de habilidades fundamentales de movimiento. Sin embargo, algunos niños llegan al colegio careciendo de las habilidades de movimiento necesarias para enfrentarse a las demandas del ambiente escolar. Para algunos esto podría ser el resultado directo de la falta de experiencia, mientras para otros podría radicar en un problema mucho más complejo con posibles consecuencias a largo plazo. Como primer paso de intervención en el caso de niños que demuestran problemas con la habilidad de movimiento, es preciso realizar una evaluación acertada. El objetivo del estudio actual es la producción de una lista de control que identificará y evaluará de una manera válida y fidedigna a los niños con dificultades de movimiento, con el fin de aplicar las estrategias de intervención más apropiadas. La recopilación de datos se fundamentó en las listas de control completadas por profesores para 420 ninós entre las edades de 3 y 5 años. El analisis comprobó que la lista de control identifica las dificultades de habilidad de movimiento en este grupo etario, y también fueron encontradas marcadas diferencias entre los niños que sí demuestran estas dificultades y los que no lo hacen. La fiabilidad inter-observador y la fiabilidad test-retest fueron muy sólidas y los dos resulatron ser muy significativos. Un estudio de validez enfocándose en la validez pronosticadora confirmó la utilidad de esta lista de control.     

The Use and Abuses of Emulation as a Pedagogical Practice

From the late eighteenth through the end of the nineteenth century, educational philosophers and practitioners debated the benefits and shortcomings of the use of emulation in schools. During this period, “emulation” referred to a pedagogy that leveraged comparisons between students as a tool to motivate them to higher achievement. Many educationists praised emulation as a necessary and effective motivator. Other educationists condemned it for its tendency to foster invidious competition between students and to devalue learning. Ultimately, by the late nineteenth century emulation as a specific pedagogical practice had disappeared in American educational culture. In this article, Mark Jonas and Drew Chambers ask whether the disappearance of emulation is something to be celebrated or lamented. To answer this question they examine the historical concept of educational emulation and analyze the bases on which proponents and opponents argued. Parties on both sides of the debate framed their arguments in close relation to the way emulation was being used at that time, which prioritized actual competitions and prizes. In that context, the opponents made a better case, which presumably contributed to emulation's disappearance in schools afterwards. However, as earlier proponents of emulation argued, emulation need not be restricted to competitions and prizes. Instead, these proponents offered a philosophically and psychologically rich defense of emulation, but these were not carried through to an appropriate degree. The authors conclude that, construed appropriately, emulation not only had tremendous educational potential then, but still does today. With intentional effort on the part of teachers, emulation can greatly enrich students' lives and act as a powerful learning motivator.     

Rural adolescents' reading motivation,achievement and behavior across transition to high school

The authors examined 1,781 rural students' reading motivation and behavior across the transition from middle to high school. Using expectancy-value theory, they investigated how motivational variables predicted changes in reading behavior and achievement across the transition in terms of their expectancies, values, and out-of-school reading behaviors. A repeated measures analysis of variance indicated significant increases in vocabulary, intrinsic value, and out-of-school reading, whereas significant decreases were found in attainment value. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated students' subjective expectancy for success was a significant predictor of increases in both comprehension and vocabulary scores. Students' utility value interacted with intrinsic value in predicting reading comprehension scores. In terms of change in students' reading behavior, their perceptions of intrinsic value and utility value were significant predictors. Gender interacted significantly with expectancies in predicting behaviors. Findings have implications for instructional support, particularly as it relates to reading motivation across the transition from middle to high school.     

征服我心的故事

She Conquered My Heart with Her Stories In a hot,airless room in Africa,surrounded bycustoms officials,I filled out forms to get a resi-dency permit. “Where did you meet your spouse?”Thatwash’t hard.Neither was filling in my educationalqualifications. But the next question had me     

Inequity in the Performance Evaluation Process: How You Rate Me Affects How I Rate You

The current study examined issues of leniency in the ratings provided by students for their instructors. Based on equity theory from the psychological literature, we proposed that individuals would consider the evaluations that they expect to receive in concurrent classes when evaluating the effectiveness of a given instructor. Our results suggest that individuals may form a mental comparison between how they expect to be graded in a given class with how they have been rated or expect to be rated in other classes. This comparison then leaves the individual either satisfied or dissatisfied, thus influencing the ratings that they provide for their superiors. Limitations of the current results are discussed, and recommendations for future research are advanced.     

Computer science in K-12 school curricula of the 2lst century: Why,what and when?

In this paper we have examined the position and roles of Computer Science in curricula in the light of recent calls for curriculum change and we have proposed principles and issues to consider in curriculum design as well as identifying priority areas for further research. The paper is based on discussions within and beyond the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Education Community since 2012 as well as an analysis of curriculum developments in five different countries. Emerging themes have been discussed with reference to important perspectives from curriculum theory including “powerful knowledge” as a key element of entitlement and management of the growth of expertise. Based on this analysis we have identified areas of consensus as well as constraints, risks and issues that are still subject to controversy. There is an emerging consensus of the importance of Computer Science and the nature of its “powerful knowledge”. Furthermore current understanding of the opportunities and benefits for starting to learn Computer Science early in primary schools has identified this early start as an entitlement and equity issue. There is a strong consensus that teacher professional development in Computer Science Education is critical for supporting curriculum change and is currently a major challenge in many countries. Other key issues include understanding how the growth of expertise affects potential structure and sequencing in the curriculum and the balance of content. Further considerations include how new technological opportunities interact with pedagogical approaches and can provide new potential for the growth of expertise.     

Sexually dimorphic extinction of a conditioned taste aversion in rats

The existence of a sexual dimorphism in the extinction of conditioned taste aversions in both fluid-deprived and nondeprived rats was investigated. When nondeprived rats were poisoned with LiCl after consuming a sucrose solution, males extinguished the subsequent conditioned taste aversion more slowly than females. There was no difference in the rate of extinction of a LiCl-induced conditioned taste aversion in fluid-deprived rats. Using marihuana extract distillate as the toxin, it was shown that the dimorphism found in the nondeprived rats is not a toxin-specific effect, and does not appear to be due to the males being made more ill. Possible explanations for the appearance of the dimorphism and its relation to the deprivational state of the organism are discussed.