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61.
In many Western science systems, funding structures increasingly stimulate academic research to contribute to practical applications,
but at the same time the rise of bibliometric performance assessments have strengthened the pressure on academics to conduct
excellent basic research that can be published in scholarly literature. We analyze the interplay between these two developments
in a set of three case studies of fields of chemistry in the Netherlands. First, we describe how the conditions under which
academic chemists work have changed since 1975. Second, we investigate whether practical applications have become a source
of credibility for individual researchers. Indeed, this turns out to be the case in catalysis, where connecting with industrial
applications helps in many steps of the credibility cycle. Practical applications yield much less credibility in environmental
chemistry, where application-oriented research agendas help to acquire funding, but not to publish prestigious papers or to
earn peer recognition. In biochemistry practical applications hardly help in gaining credibility, as this field is still strongly
oriented at fundamental questions. The differences between the fields can be explained by the presence or absence of powerful
upstream end-users, who can afford to invest in academic research with promising long term benefits. 相似文献
62.
Virology Experts in the Boundary Zone Between Science,Policy and the Public: A Biographical Analysis
Erwin van Rijswoud 《Minerva》2010,48(2):145-167
This article aims to open up the biographical black box of three experts working in the boundary zone between science, policy
and public debate. A biographical-narrative approach is used to analyse the roles played by the virologists Albert Osterhaus,
Roel Coutinho and Jaap Goudsmit in policy and public debate. These figures were among the few leading virologists visibly
active in the Netherlands during the revival of infectious diseases in the 1980s. Osterhaus and Coutinho in particular are
still the key figures today, as demonstrated during the outbreak of novel influenza A (H1N1). This article studies the various
political and communicative challenges and dilemmas encountered by these three virologists, and discusses the way in which,
strategically or not, they handled those challenges and dilemmas during the various stages of the field’s recent history.
Important in this respect is their pursuit of a public role that is both effective and credible. We will conclude with a reflection
on the H1N1 pandemic, and the historical and biographical ties between emerging governance arrangements and the experts involved
in the development of such arrangements. 相似文献
63.
Telidon is the result of the marriage between a computer and a telephone. There are multiple configurations that can be devised with its constituent elements: a TV monitor, a keyboard or keypad; a decoder; a telephone signal, wired or wireless; and a computer. 相似文献
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Claartje L. Ter Hoeven Ward van Zoonen Kathryn L. Fonner 《Communication monographs》2016,83(2):239-263
Technological advancements in the workplace frequently have produced contradictory effects by facilitating accessibility and efficiency while increasing interruptions and unpredictability. We combine insights from organizational paradoxes and the job demands–resources model to construct a framework identifying positive and negative mechanisms in the relationship between communication technology use (CTU) and employee well-being, operationalized as work engagement and burnout. In this study of Dutch workers, we demonstrate that CTU increases well-being through positive pathways (accessibility and efficiency) and decreases well-being through negative pathways (interruptions and unpredictability). We highlight the importance of (1) investigating CTU resources and demands simultaneously to grasp the relationship between CTU and employee well-being, and (2) considering CTU's downsides to successfully implement new communication technologies and flexible work designs. 相似文献
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68.
From 12 to 16 March 1979 the 15th International Week of Educational and Teaching Films took place at the AV-Centre Berlin (West), a centre for audio-visual media. About 100 visitors from 17 different member count everybody the opportunity to select films according to his particular interests. However, how should a reporter go about trying to give a comprehensive impression of the Film Week? What I did was to talk to as many visitors as possible, compare their remarks and comments, and try to formulate some results. 相似文献
69.
The WWW is increasingly used as a medium to support education and training. A course at the University of Twente in which groups of students collaborate in the design and production of multimedia instructional materials has now been supported by a website since 1995. Workflow was integrated with other components in the website to investigate whether workflow can help instructors and students to have a better overview of group progress. Our evaluation shows that the introduction of workflow does provide added value. Another outcome of the experiment is that the transfer of a business application (workflow) into the educational domain has highlighted some differences and similarities between educational and business processes. This article explores some of these issues as highlighted by the application of workflow in education. 相似文献
70.