我国城镇基本养老保险基金短缺的原因及对策

城镇基本养老保险制度健康发展的关键问题是有保证系统收支平衡的养老基金，但是在目前养老保险制度改革中，国家对计划体制下工作过的职工的养老债务，以及资替代率、低退休年龄、狭窄的养老保障面、高额的企业欠缴费等等都形成了保险基金的巨大缺口。要维护养老基金的收支平衡，首先要用国有资产补偿养老债务，其次降低工资替代率，逐渐提高退休年龄，保证养老保险制度改革的成功。     

国外高师教师实习改革的特点与趋势

教育实习的改革已成为当今许多发达国家高等师范教育发展的一项重要内容。从未来教师的素质培养出发，国外高师教育实习呈现出以下特点与趋势：合理安排课程，加强教育实习前的教育理论准备：改进教学方法，注意理论联系实际，培养教育教学能力；扩展教育实践的形式，为教育实习做好方法、技术、心理准备；延长与分散教育实习时间，实习模式多样化；加强与实习基地的联系，对教育实习合作管理。     

Synthetic speech and computer aided reading for reading disabled children

A simple way to partially compensate for word decoding problems is to let disabled readers have a micro-computer pronounce the words they are unable to read. Using a program developed for the IBM-PC/AT and a Scandinavian multilingual text-to-speech unit, children can read a textfile (of any size) on the monitor and use a mouse to request the immediate pronunciation of a word. In study 1, Grade-2 children did not perform better on a reading comprehension test when using computer-aided reading, but they rated their understanding significantly higher than when using a text. In study 2, the effect of computer-aided reading in special education settings was studied. Results indicated that older children, from grade 4 and up, benefited more from the computer aided reading than did younger ones. However, both experimental and control groups showed gains in several aspects of reading. Some children did not seem to have metacognitive skills enough to benefit from the computer-aided system. These children may initially need more extensive training in how to use the system and how to monitor their own reading. Reasons for letting the computer deliver the decoding aid as morphological segments are discussed.     

《语文科教育论》实用教程纲要

“语文科教育论”涵盖教学论,以基础理论和实践理论为主体;性质论,分析学习对象,说明语文科的内容、结构及其交际工具性和人文性,阐明性质观制约全局的地位;目标论,由总体、亚项目标而探讨目标科学化的途径;教材、单元、方法、评估4论属实践理论,都源于实践,指导实践;“形成评定”－反馈,矫正,补救,实现评估和目标的一体化,并发展为“自学辅导－掌握学习”策略,形成整体教改方案,以期切实做到因材施教,克服形式主义,认真贯彻理论联系实际原则。     

Knowing and teaching kinaesthetic experience in skateboarding: an example of sensory emplacement

The body has become a vital research object in several disciplines in recent years. Indeed, in the social sciences and humanities, a corporeal turn in which embodiment has become a key concept related to learning and socialisation is discussed. This cross-disciplinary paper addresses the epistemological question of how we know what we know and theoretically and empirically contributes to current arguments of a shift from embodiment to emplacement. In other words, this study strives for understanding of the intersection of mind, body and place through a focus on how bodily knowing is formed as part of a moving world. The purpose of the paper is to explore the kinaesthetic experience as bodily knowing in emplaced semi-formal teaching. Through long-term ethnography in a Swedish skateboard setting and in-depth analysis of digital visual material, this paper demonstrates how kinaesthetic experience might be viewed as knowing and how a particular type of this experience might be interpreted as explosiveness and, as such, an act of physical remembrance and energy transformation. Knowing is formed along paths of movement and rhythm, and kinaesthesia is identified as a multisensory experience. It is argued that a fruitful way of bridging the mind–body divide is to view the body as un/knowing, rendering it both knowing and not knowing simultaneously. Moreover, emplaced via its senses in a sociocultural and spatio-temporal environment, this conceptualisation of a moving body in a moving world might allow for re-thinking regarding how a body in context knows, teaches and, possibly, learns.     

“You can't make this a science!” — Analyzing decision support systems in political contexts

This paper reports on problems and conflicts encountered when using decision support systems (DSS) in political contexts. Based on a literature study and two case studies we describe problems encountered in relation not only to the DSS itself, but also to the political decision process. The case studies have been carried out in two cities in Sweden that at different times but in similar situations have used DSS in order to reach a decision in complicated and contested matters. In both cases we have previously found that the method and IT tool used for decision analysis were appreciated by most participants, but the inherent rationality of the DSS was in conflict with how participants usually make decisions as well as with the political process. The assumption was that a strict and open method would make grounds for clear decisions, but the results of the decision process were none of the cases implemented. In one case the result of the decision analysis was that no clear decision was made. In the other case the lowest ranked alternative was implemented. Furthermore, in neither city the method was ever used again. We therefore ask: What are the challenges and limitations to using DSS in political contexts? Our study shows that challenges relate to selecting and using criteria; eliciting weights for criteria (high level of subjectivity); understanding all the amount of facts available in the system; time constraints; and lack of impact on the final decision. This study contributes to both research and practice by increasing the understanding of what challenges are experienced in DSS use, since the findings can be used as a framework of challenges that should be addressed, in design of systems as well as method for use. The study also contributes to understanding the role of politicians in decision-making and the consequences for the use of DSS. Further, the literature study showed that there are overall very few studies on the actual use of DSS in a political context, and we therefore conclude by encouraging more studies reporting actual use.     

‘Horrible or happy – we’ll have a little grey now’: aesthetic judgements in children’s narration with an interactive whiteboard

This empirical study investigates what activities emerge when six-year olds are instructed to create narratives with an interactive whiteboard (IWB). A detailed analysis is provided of what the participants are oriented towards in the activity, and further what aesthetic judgements are used and their role in the evolving activity. Theoretically, the study builds on a sociocultural perspective on learning and Dewey’s (1934–80. Art as Experience. New York, NY: Perigee Books) philosophy on aesthetic experience. The empirical data consist of video recordings of six technology-mediated story-making activities in a preschool class. The findings show that even when the teacher attempts to scaffold narrative learning, the children direct their attention foremost to the visual arts, which occasionally lead to the participants’ insufficient intersubjectivity. This finding is explained with reference to the inherent design of the IWB. Furthermore, the participants frequently use aesthetic judgements on both actions and the created visual objects. The judgements turn out to constitute directives in terms of leading the activities forward and, importantly, being indicators of the children’s learning.     

Challenges of engagement with health services in Sweden’s schools: listening to the views of school nurses and students with recurrent pain

This article reports on the views of school nurses (n = 25) and students with recurrent pain (n = 24) in Sweden with regard to school-based pedagogic practices. A number of common categories with implications for pedagogic practice were identified by analysing qualitative interviews with these groups, using the coding techniques of grounded theory. The results indicate that a failure to develop trust made it difficult for some students to initiate contact with a school nurse and that some students perceive the issue of recurrent pain being of relevance to all young people, deserving coverage in the curriculum. We thus conclude that it is important to integrate personal, social and health education in the ordinary spaces of teaching and learning in order to complement and bolster the conventionally organised school health services in Sweden. However, this might be difficult to achieve because many of the school nurses emphasised that health and education were commonly treated on parallel tracks in their schools, under the management of different authorities.     

试论李渔小说中的科诨艺术

李渔不但在戏曲中令人发笑的科诨来构建他的戏曲中的喜剧性情境，而且把科诨引入小说之中，在小说中插科打诨，形成李渔小说独特的喜剧性品味。李渔小说的叙述语言大量运用科诨，具有笑话体的特色；善于抓住人物滑稽性的动作和语言，塑造喜剧性人物；熟练运用谐音、谚语、熟语，善于创造富有个性特色的科诨语言；科诨富有机趣、理趣和雅趣。     

视野的拓展与诗艺的转型--辛笛40年代的诗歌写作

辛笛是20世纪40年代九叶诗派的主要诗人之一,他的诗歌创作根据主题、艺术取向等可以分为大学时代、留学时代等几个时期,本文主要就他在40年代的九叶时期的创作进行了探讨.辛笛这时期的创作在延续过去艺术追求的同时,也出现了一些变化.他的艺术视野得到了很大拓展,将自己的生命体验与时代变化结合得更为密切,对自己和时代给予了更多的艺术解剖.这也就导致了艺术上的转型,主要是把西方现代主义艺术观念和手法与中国现实融为一体采用了讽刺、反讽等手段建构自已的艺术世界,取得了独特的艺术成就.