An analysis of the relationship between hostility and training in the martial arts

Contrasting views and data are available on the issue of whether combative sports facilitate or reduce aggression. In the present study levels of hostility were assessed in two groups of martial arts students using the Buss-Durkee Inventory. Levels of hostility on a variety of the sub-scales were compared with scores from similar samples of participants in a body contact, aggressive but non-combative sport (rugby football) and a competitive sport with no body contact or direct aggression (badminton). When the effects of age and length of training were controlled by use of partial correlation there was no evidence to support group differences in either the combined score from the varied sub-scales of the inventory or the more specific assaultive sub-scale. However, there was evidence to suggest a significant effect of length of training on hostility levels in martial artists. Beginners attracted to the martial arts were more hostile but the hostility declined with the duration of training. No difference was apparent in this respect for students participating in either jui jitsu or karate. It is suggested that such differential effects with respect to length of training may lead to the overall absence of the between-sport differences. The results provide tentative support for the notion that the discipline of the martial arts may reduce assaultive hostility rather than serve as a model for such behaviour, yet support the need for prospective longitudinal studies on intra-individual hostility.     

Effects of extended fixed-interval training on reversed scallops

Two groups of pigeons were used to determine if different amounts of fixed-interval training with an added clock resulted in different local response rates when the clock was reversed. One group of seven pigeons received 120 reinforcements on a fixed-interval 90-sec schedule, while the other group received 1200 reinforcements. Following training, the added clock was reversed in extinction. Reversed scallops were obtained for both of the groups. Only the group with extended training showed an increase in responding during the previously reinforced segment of the interval. This suggests the development of greater temporal control with extended training.     

The crafts in the post-modern economy

Conclusions In the emerging Post-Modern Economy, traditional weaknesses of the Arts and Crafts are becoming strengths, strengths that promise a prosperous and productive 21st century for Canadian craftspersons and artists. Driven by a demographic revolution that has produced a population with rapidly rising levels of education, increasing participation of women and an aging demographic profile, the new economy will be one in which quality and design are critical factors in international economic competitiveness.     

Investment protection: Reducing financial loss from fraudulent art

Kultural Econometrics International