AEG-Telefunken TR 440: Struktur und Technologie

Zusammenfassung  Der Telefunkenrechner TR 440 war bei seiner Fertigstellung 1970 die schnellste bisher in Europa entwickelte und produzierte Maschine. 46 Maschinen wurden in Wissenschaftseinrichtungen, bei Beh?rden und in der Industrie installiert. Der TR 440 folgte dem 1962 fertig gestellten TR 4, der auf demselben Markt durch Leistungsf?higkeit und sein innovatives Compilerkonzept eine wichtige Stellung erobert hatte. Der TR 440 wurde als Maschine für den Teilnehmerbetrieb entwickelt. Die Maschine war einer der ersten gro?en Rechner mit integrierten Schaltungen. Sie verfügte über Seitenadressierung und ein ausgefeiltes System von privilegierten Funktionen. Die Leistung des Prozessors betrug knapp 1 Mips, die Hauptspeicherkapazit?t 1.5 MB. Ausgangspunkt, Struktur und Technologie werden aus heutiger Sicht beschrieben. Ein Nachfolgeprodukt, TR 550, wurde konzipiert, aber nicht mehr entwickelt. Die Wertsch?tzung des TR 440 bei den Nutzern ging wesentlich auf die Systemsoftware zurück, die Gegenstand eines anderen Beitrages ist [6].

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The Telefunken TR 440 Computer was, at its deployment in 1970, the fastest machine developed and manufactured so far in Europe. 46 of them were installed in scientific institutions, agencies, and industry. The TR 440 was the successor of the TR 4 of 1962, which on the same market had gained an important position by its performance and its innovative compiler concept. TR 440 was designed for timesharing operation. The machine was one of the first large scale computers to use integrated circuits. It had page addressing and a refined system of privileged functions. The instruction rate approached 1 Mips, the main memory had a capacity of 1.5 MB. Point of departure, structure and technology are described from the point of view of today. A follow-on product, TR 550, was conceived but not developed. The appreciation TR 440 gained among its users was primarily due to its system software, which is described in a further paper [6]. TR 440 structure and technology is also subject of a paper submitted to the IEEE Annals of the History of Computing.

     

Literacy for what? The plurality of cultural approaches

The has held similar positions at the state universities of Rio Grande do Norte (Natal, Brazil) and New York (Albany, United States). His two main fields of interest are adult education and intercultural learning in universities. His most recent publication in English isPopular Education in Brazil.     

Youth and community service

We discuss findings and issues regarding community service by youth in the United States, for example: Is school-based required service as effective as voluntary service, and if increasing numbers of youth are doing service, why has political engagement not increased? We next present a theory proposing that certain kinds of service can contribute to the development of social identity. Such service would be challenging, bring youth into direct contact with the strange “other,” and engage youth with organizations which represent moral and political traditions. We conclude with speculations on ways community service might benefit identity development in German youth and help to resolve tensions in contemporary German society.     

The Training of Italian Teachers in the Federal Republic of Germany: an alternative approach

Against a background of working with a cross‐cultural educational research project in the Federal Republic of Germany the author identifies a number of the factors which form a barrier to full professional achievement by Italian teachers working with pupils of their own nationality in that country. Obstacles are found to exist on both sides of the cultural divide. Some of the difficulties encountered are analysed for both their theoretical and their practical implications and the author suggests some of the directions which effective multicultural education must take.