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Introductory textbooks commonly state that Golgi tendon organs (GTOs) are responsible for a reflex response that inhibits a muscle producing dangerously high tension (autogenic inhibition). Review of the relevant data from animal studies demonstrates that there is wide variability in the magnitude of, and even the presence of, GTO autogenic effects among locomotor hindlimb muscles, and that data on GTO effects under conditions of voluntary maximal muscle activation are lacking. A single available study on GTO function in humans, during a moderate contraction, surprisingly shows a reduction in autogenic inhibition during muscle-force production. Further, it is not possible to find experimental evidence supporting the idea that strength training may produce a decrease in GTO mediated autogenic inhibition, allowing greater muscle activation levels and hence greater force production. 相似文献
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Jason Owen-Smith John Gascoigne Alan Chalmers Audra J. Wolfe Ivan Crozier Jan Crosthwaite Jonathan Simon Peter Anstey William Clower Mark Parascandola Robert L. Campbell Charlotte Bigg R. J. Hankinson Nicolas Rasmussen Christer Nordlund Nessy Allen Craig Sean McConnell David Oldroyd Edward Wisniewski Jessie Saul Stephanie H. Kenen Ina Roy Bradley Monton Dianah Leigh Jackson 《Metascience》2001,10(2):232-319
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The aim of the study reported in this paper was to develop substantive theory regarding how teachers manage their classroom work when they are placed in the position of having a student with a severe or profound intellectual disability included in their class. The result was the theory of selective adaptation. The theory proposes that teachers can be classified as ‘technicians', ‘strategists', or ‘improvisers’ according to the extent to which they selectively adapt their classroom practices. Furthermore, there is a correspondence between the extent to which teachers selectively adapt their classroom work and the impact of inclusion on their lives. 相似文献
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Craig Callender Steve Fuller Katherine Neal Bernadette Bensaude-Vincent David Turnbull Otávio Bueno Jerry Ravetz Alan Chalmers Peter Harrison Keith Benson Jonathan Simon Margaret D. Garber Samir Chopra Henry Chan Elizabeth Toon Philip Catton Brendan Larvor Kylie Valentine Alan C. Love Donna April Chua Sy Brian W. Ogilvie James Maclaurin William C. Summers Arthur B. Markman John T. Vallance 《Metascience》2002,11(1):43-138
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Academic libraries have long gathered data at the reference desk to facilitate informed development of services and collections, and have long known that regardless of whether questions are related to doing research, the library is a safe place a student may go to find answers. This article highlights the role of the library and information commons service desks as valuable windows into the student experience. The authors suggest that librarians share with campus stakeholders information about students’ non-research-related questions to aid in the development of programs and services designed to help students adjust to campus life and, ultimately, succeed. 相似文献
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