Language,ambiguity, and executive functions in adolescents' theory of mind

Executive functions' (EF) role in adolescents' advanced theory of mind (aToM) was examined. In Study 1, adolescents (N = 189 in 2017, M_age = 13.1 years, 55.6% female from racially/ethnically diverse schools) completed the Flexibility and Automaticity of Social Cognition task (FASC), and shifting and inhibition measures. Study 2 (N = 289 in 2018 and 2019, M_age = 15.7 years, 59.9% female, 56.4% Hispanic/Latino) replicated Study 1 in older adolescents using automated scoring of FASC flexibility. Flexibility of social cognition varied based on ambiguity and language use; automaticity of social cognition varied by ambiguity. The role of EF was less conclusive; shifting and inhibition predicted some flexibility and automaticity measures. Ambiguity, language, and EF, particularly shifting, influence aToM into adolescence.     

The significance of the dielectric constant of a mixture

The above review of the experimental data on the dielectric constants of mixtures shows that the dielectric constant of a mixture cannot in general be calculated from the dielectric constants of the components.     

Sensory, cognitive, and linguistic factors in the early academic performance of elementary school children: The Benton-IU project

Standardized sensory, perceptual, linguistic, intellectual, and cognitive tests were administered to 470 children, approximately 96% of the students entering the first grade in the four elementary schools of Benton County, Indiana, over a 3-year period (1995--1997). The results of 36 tests and subtests administered to entering first graders were well described by a 4-factor solution. These factors and the tests that loaded most heavily on them were reading-related skills (phonological awareness, letter and word identification); visual cognition (visual perceptual abilities, spatial perception, visual memory); verbal cognition (language development, vocabulary, verbal concepts); and speech processing (the ability to understand speech under difficult listening conditions). A cluster analysis identified 9 groups of children, each with a different profile of scores on the 4 factors. Within these groups, the proportion of students with unsatisfactory reading achievement in the first 2 years of elementary school (as reflected in teacher-assigned grades) varied from 3% to 40%. The profiles of factor scores demonstrated the primary influence of the reading-related skills factor on reading achievement and also on other areas of academic performance. The second strongest predictor of reading and mathematics grades was the visual cognition factor, followed by the verbal cognition factor. The speech processing factor was the weakest predictor of academic achievement, accounting for less than 1% of the variance in reading achievement. This project was a collaborative effort of the Benton Community School Corporation and a multidisciplinary group of investigators from Indiana University.     

荷马史诗

背景介绍 根据地下发掘，地中海东岸小亚细亚地区在古代确曾有过特洛伊人及伊利昂城。可能是在公元前12世纪末，在希腊半岛南部地区的阿凯亚人和小亚细亚北部的特洛伊人之间发生了一次为期10年的战争，最后希腊人毁灭了特洛伊城。战争结束后，在小亚细亚一带便流传着许多歌颂这次战争中的氏族部落首领的英雄事迹的短歌。大约到了公元前八九世纪时，一位盲诗人荷马以短歌为基础，加以搜集整理，最后形成了具有完整情节和统一风格的两部史诗——《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。     

Omission training compared with yoked controls and extinction in multiple-schedule discrimination learning

After rats were trained on a multiple schedule with variable interval 30-sec reinforcement in both stimulus components, omission, yoked, and extinction procedures were applied in S? while the variable interval continued in S+. In S?, omission training reduced response rate faster and to a lower terminal level than either response-independent yoked reinforcement or extinction, which were approximately equivalent. In S+, the extinction group exhibited elevated response rates representing behavioral contrast, while the omission and yoked groups showed reduced response rates. These results attest to the effectiveness of omission training as a response elimination method. They also contradict theories which posit reduction of response rate in S? to be necessary and sufficient for behavioral contrast.     

A procedure in presenting special methods of teaching high school subjects

Making Citizens of the Mentally Limited. By Helen Davis Whipple. Bloomington, Ill.: Public School Publishing Co., 1927. Pp. vi + 374. Price, $2.

Read and Do. By Maud C. Stubbings and Genevieve M. Watts. Chicago: Hall &; McCreary Co., 1927. Price, 20 cents.

The American People. By D. S. Mozzey (Columbia University). Boston: Ginn &; Co., 1927. Pp. viii + 715 + xlv. Price, $2.12.

Traditional Examinations and New‐Type Tests. By C. W. Odell. New York: The Century Co., 1928. Pp. xviii + 469. Price, $2.50.

Efficiency in Vocational Education in Agriculture. By G. A. Schmidt. New York: The Century Co., 1928. Pp. xvii + 314. Price, $2.25.

The Development of the Teaching of Agriculture in Mississippi. By Ronald J. Slay. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1928. Pp. 194.

Fundamentals of Chemistry. By L. Jean Bogeet. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1927. Pp. 324.

Helden Den Alltags. By Eknst Zahn. New York: F. S. Crofts &; Co. 1928. Pp. xx + 164. Price, $1.25.

A Textbook of Physiology. New Third Edition. By William D. Zoethout. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 1928. Pp. 664. Price, $4.50.

Nature Stories for Children. Books One and Two. By Nora B. Albright and Jennie Hall. Chicago: Mentzer, Bush &; Co. Pp. 95. Price, 72 cents.

Sally and Billy. By Marjorie Hardy. Chicago: Wheeler Publishing Co., 1928. Pp. 48. Price, 24 cents.

The Small Junior High School By Francis T. Spaulding (Harvard University). Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927. Pp. xvi + 226. Price, $2.50.

A Suggested List of Activities, Grades I to VI. Curriculum Series No. 1. By Mildred English and Committee. Raleigh, N. C: Department of Public Instruction. Pp. 66. Price, 50 cents.

Sir Isaac Newton, 1727–19Z7. Edited by F. E. Brasch. Baltimore: The Williams &; Wilkins Co., 1928. Pp. x + 352. Price, $5.

Intelligence Tests: Their Significance for School and Society. By Walter Fenno Dearborn (Harvard University). Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928. Pp. xxiv + 336. Price, $2.50.

The Gateway to American History. By Randolph G. Adams. Boston: Little, Brown &; Co., 1927. Pp. xv + 176. Price, $3.

Individual Instruction Sheets. By R. W. Selvidge (University of Missouri). Peoria: The Manual Arts Press, 1926. Pp. 263. Price, $2.50.

Technique of Curriculum Making. By Henry Harap. New York: Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 315.

Readings in Educational Psychology. By Charles E. Skinner, Ira M. Gast, and Harley C. Skinner. New York: D. Appleton &; Co., 1926.

Corrective Physical Education for Groups. By Charles L. Lowman, Claire Colestock, and Hazel Cooper. New York: A. S. Barnes &; Co., 1928. Pp. xiv + 521. Price, $4.50.

Social Science Readers. Grandfather's Farm; An Airplane Ride; An Engine's Story; A Story About Boats. By Helen S. Read. Illustrated by Eleanor Lee. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1928.

Fundamentals of Modern Chemistry. By Herbert R. Smith and Harry M. Mess. New York: Henry Holt &; Co., 1928. Pp. viii + 266.

Preventive and Corrective Physical Education. By George T. Stafford. New York: A. S. Barnes &; Co., 1928. Pp. xx + 321. Price, $3.

Exercioes de Composition et de Grammaire avec Grammaire Elémentaire, Par M. S. Pargment. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xiv + 369.

The Administration of Consolidated and Village Schools. By John C. Almack and James F. Bursch. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. Pp. xv + 466. Price, $2.40.

The Kuhlman‐Binet Test for Children of Preschool Age: A Critical Study and Evaluation. By Florence L. Goodenough (University of Minnesota). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1928. Pp. x + 146. Price, $2.

Physiology. By V. H. Mottram. New York: W. W. Norton &; Co., 1928. Pp. 278.

Psychological Foundations of Teaching, By Helen L. Tonks. New York: Globe Book Co., 1927. Pp. xii + 212. Price, $1.67.

Public School Business Administration. By N. L. Engelhardt and Fred Engelhardt. New York City: Teachers College Bureau of Publication, 1927. Pp. xiv + 1068.

Fruit‐Growing Projects. By Fred C. Sears. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xxix + 383, 256 illustrations.

Education: Principles and Practices. By Emit Duncan Grizzell. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. x + 428.

Story Games. (Smedley &; Olsen series.) By Norman H. Hall and Matilda Breuer. Chicago: Hall &; McCreary Co., 1928. Paper covers, detachable leaves. A silent‐reader work book for primary grades.

Educational Psychology. By Edward Herbert Cameron. New York: The Century Co., 1927. Pp. xiv + 467. Price, $2.50.

Our Evolving High School Curriculum. By Calvin Olin Davis. Yonkers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1927. Pp. x + 301. Price, $2.

Psychology of the Kindergarten‐Primary Child. By L. A. Pechstein and Frances Jenkins. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1927.

A Laboratory Manual of Elementary Physical Chemistry. By Edward Mack, Jr., and Wesley G. France. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1928. Pp. xi + 195. Price, $2.

Curriculum Bulletins, Nos. 2, 3, and 4. Raleigh (N. C.) Public Schools. By H. F. Srygley (Superintendent), Mildred English (Assistant Superintendent), and Committees op Teachers. Raleigh Public Schools, 1928. Mimeographed, bound. Pp. 150, 99, 121. Prices, $1.50, $1.25, $1.40.

Forty Famous Stories. By H. A. Mertz. Chicago: Hall &; McCreary Co., 1928. Paper covers. Pp. 96. Tests of ability in silent reading.

Fairy Folk. By Miriam Mason Swain. Chicago: Hall &; McCreary Co., 1928. Paper cover, detachable leaves. Pp. 32.

Directive Study Sheets in American History. By Charles C. Barnes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928. Paper cover. Pp. 116.

School Building Management. By Charles Everand Reeves and Harry Stanley Ganders. Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1928. Pp. xvi + 395.

Tuberculosis and How to Combat It. By Francis M. Pottenger, M.D. St. Louis: C. V. Mosby Co., 1928. Pp. 275. Price, $2.

The Health of Youth. By Florence L. Meredith. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son &; Co., 1928. Pp. xxviii + 535.

The Book of Electricity. By Bertha Morris Parker. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928. Pp. x + 314. Price, 92 cents.

Machine Work. By T. J. Palmateer. Stanford University, Cal.: Stanford University Press, 1927. Pp. viii + 202. Price, $2.25.

Astrology, Your Place in the Sun. By Evangeline Adams. New York: Dodd, Mead &; Co., 1928. Pp. xxiv + 343. Price, $3.

An Intermediate Commercial Geography. By L. Dudley Stamp. New York: Longmans, Green &; Co., 1927. Pp. 262.

Work Book Syllabus in Principles of Education. By Orlie M. Clem. Baltimore: Warwick &; York, Inc., 1928. Pp. 170: Price, $1.80 + 8 cents postage.

Bacteriology for Nurses. By Charles F. Carter. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 1928. Pp. 213. Price, $2.25.

The Will to Work. By Charles L. Robbins. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson &; Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 211.

Books for Parents and Teachers. New York (54 West Seventy‐fourth Street): Child Study Association of America, 1928. Paper. Pp. 80.

Coping Saw Work. By Edward F. Worst. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1927. Pp. 134. Price, $2.40.

The Falls of Niagara. By Glenn C. Forrester. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. xvi + 155. Price, $2.50.

Problem Exercises for High‐School Teachers. By Douglas Waples and others. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1928. Pp. ix + 99. Price, $1.

The Elements of the Science of Nutrition. Fourth edition, reset. By Graham Lusk. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders Co., 1928. Pp. 844. Price, $7.

Eva Le Gallienne's Civic Repertory Plays. With an Introduction and Direction Notes by Miss Le Gallienne. New York: W. W. Norton &; Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. xviii + 327. Price, $3.50.

Our Neighbors in South America. By Walter Lefferts. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Co., 1927. Pp. x + 306. Price, $1.20.

Technique, of Study. By Claude C. Crawford. Cambridge, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1928. Pp. viii + 353. Price, $2.

Circus Fun. By Bertha Buffington Smart, Theresa Weimer, and R. G. Jones. Revised by Alice Hanthorn. Chicago: Benjamin H. Sanborn &; Co., 1928. Pp. iv + 122. Price, 72 cents.

Machine Shop Science. By Joseph J. Eaton and Albert V. Free. Peoria: Manual Arts Press, 1926. Pp. 181. Price, $1.48.

Jack and Susan Stories. By Frances M. Darby. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. vi + 179. Price, 80 cents.

Denmark's Best Stories. An Introduction to Danish Fiction. Edited by Hanna Astrup Larsen. New York: W. W. Norton &; Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. xxvii + 377. Price, $2.50.

Health Readers: Book Three, The Road of Health to Grown‐Up‐Town. By Jessie I. Lummis and Williedell Schawe. Yonkers‐on‐Hudson: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. vi + 152. Price, 76 cents.

One Hundred Problems in Woodwork. By William A. De Vette. Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Co., 1927. Pp. 207. Price, $2.40.

Mother Nature Series. By the Roadside. By Fannie Wyche Dunn and Eleanor Troxell. Evanston, Ill.: Row, Peterson &; Co., 1928. Pp. 256.

The Literature of Chemistry. By E. J. Crane and Austin M. Patterson. New York: John Wiley &; Sons, 1927. Pp. viii + 438. Price, $5.

Organic Chemistry. By James Bryant Conant (Harvard University). New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 291.

Junior High School Printing. By R. Randolph Karch. Peoria, 111.: The Manual Arts Press, 1928. Pp. 176. Price, $1.48.

The District School As It Was. Edited by Clifton Johnson. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 171. Price, $1.50.

American Arts. By Rilla Evelyn Jackman. Chicago: Rand McNally &; Co., 1928. Pp. xxxiii + 561.

Roller Bears and the Safeway Tribe. By Edith Fox. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xiv + 259. Price, 96 cents.

Nature Stories for Children. Autumn‐Spring. By Eva L. Gordon and Jennie Hall. Chicago: Mentzer, Bush &; Co., 1928. Pp. 88. Price, 72 cents.

College Chemistry. By Neil E. Gordon. Yonkers‐on‐Hudson: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 516. Price, $2.96.

A Treatise on Pharmaceutical Chemistry. By John C. Krantz, Jr. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Co., 1928. Pp. 282. Price, $3.50.

The Danish Folk School. By Olive Dame Campbell. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xvi + 362.

Practice Tests in Elementary Geography. By M. E. Branom. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1929. Paper, detachable leaves. Pp. 168. Price, 68 cents.

Pioneers of the Air. By Lila Gkavatt. Chicago: Mentzer, Bush &; Co., 1928. Pp. 264. Price, 60 cents.

Classroom Management. By E. M. Paulu (State Teachers College, Aberdeen, S. D.). Boston: D. C. Heath &; Co., 1928.     

Sources of differential participation rates in school science: the impact of curriculum reform

School science courses have widely varying participation rates across a range of student characteristics. One of the stated aims of the 2006 Key Stage 4 science curriculum reforms in England was to improve social mobility and inclusion. To encourage students to study more science, this reform was followed by the introduction in 2008 of an entitlement to study the three separate sciences at Key Stage 4 for the more highly attaining students. This paper uses longitudinal national data over a five‐year period to investigate the extent and change of participation across science courses at KS4, focusing on student gender and socio‐economic status. It finds that whilst there is some evidence of a move towards a more equitable gender balance for some courses, there is as yet little evidence of substantial change in differential participation rates by socio‐economic status.     

Joint determination of college student achievement and effort: Implications for college teaching

In this paper, a four-equation simultaneous equations model is developed with college student effort and achievement being jointly determined. The model is then tested using a sample of students from one comprehensive university. The empirical results provide evidence that student efforts with respect to faculty interaction, but not with respect to library usage or course effort, significantly affect achievement.You know, teachers sometimes think they are all that happen in class. But I have to take what a teacher is trying to teach me and translate it into something I learn, and that has little to do with the teacher. The learning is what I do.—A student named Susan, fromOn College Teaching, by Ohmer Milton and AssociatesAn earlier version of this paper was presented at the Lilly Conference on College Teaching at Miami University in November 1989.     

汽车干式离合器啮合时的产热和传热（英文）

目的:本研究旨在凸显热效应在离合系统动态摩擦分析中的重要性以及将其拓展到制动系统的可能性。创新点:采用一种未被报道过的新方法从根本上整合摩擦特性、微结构组分、产热机理、摩擦片磨损和传热机制。方法:基于能量守恒原理,针对由飞轮、摩擦片和压力板构成的离合系统提出一种适用于工业应用的热分区网络解析模型。结论:1.通过实测得到的μ-ν特性表明,新的摩擦片具有磨损片子所不具备的温度敏感性。2.通过对磨损片子的微结构分析以及热导率变化的测量显示,晶格结构中铜颗粒损耗会导致其导热性能减弱。3.使用摩擦计的测量结果显示新的摩擦片相对于磨损片子具有更高的摩擦系数;较高的摩擦系数减轻了离合器啮合时产生的界面滑移的程度,从而减小了由于产热导致的摩擦功率损耗。4.根据本文发展的热学模型,新的摩擦片可通过其优良的导热性将摩擦产生的热量释放出去。