Acquisition of behavioral control by static visual features of an imprinting object: Species generality

Previous work had indicated that after prolonged exposure to a moving object, ducklings will direct filial responses toward that object even if it remains stationary during its presentation. The present experiment demonstrated the wide species generality of this effect by obtaining similar results in newly hatched chickens, pheasant, turkeys, and quail, as well as ducks.     

Simulations in distance education: Progress towards an evaluation instrument

This article reports on a study in which an interactive computer‐based learning resource consisting of a tutorial with a decision support system and simulations, is evaluated in the context of a distance education business degree course. The primary purpose of the study was to develop and test an instrument for evaluation of the learning resource, with particular reference to simulations. The instrument adds further dimensions to factors such as learner support and engagement, to incorporate elements of motivation and transfer. Consequently, the scales that comprise the instrument include three key areas: features of the computer package, the effect on students” motivation, and the impact on their ability to transfer knowledge to the workplace. As a result of the analysis, a reliable and valid evaluation instrument that includes components of these three areas is provided. It is expected that other researchers will be able to develop and refine this instrument to evaluate various forms of computer‐based educational resources.     

论稿件退修过程中编辑与作者的互动

在稿件退修过程中,编辑和作者良性互动关系的建立能促进编著双方信息交换和优化,提升稿件质量,培育优质作者群体.编辑应根据自身在稿件退修中的职责、作用及要实现的预期目标来明确其角色和定位:因“人”制宜的了解者、“辅”而不越的指导者和“严”而有据的评价者.编辑应从多方面促进与作者的互动,其中:以“人”为本、强化服务意识是根本;树立公关思维、讲究沟通艺术是关键;提高职业素养、完善知识结构是基础;达成目标契合、促进共同发展是前提.     

影响专家审稿积极性的因素分析及对策

专家审稿是审稿工作的重要环节,其积极性高低直接影响审稿质量和速度.分析期刊学术影响力不高,审稿专家劳动价值得不到充分体现,保障、激励和评价机制不健全,编辑送审准备工作不到位、辅助信息提供不完整,以及编辑与审稿专家互动不及时等因素对专家审稿积极性的影响,并据此提出相应对策,以期提高审稿专家的积极性,推动审稿工作顺利进行.     

logR-logT图与太阳系未知行星

利用log-logT图研究太阳系的行星卫星系统,得出八大行星卫星系统都符合开普勒第三定律,推导出行星卫星系统logR-logT图线截距与中心天体质量的关系;通过描绘未知行星卫星系统、水星卫星系统和金星卫星系统的logR-logT图线,推测未知行星的质量和公转周期,以及水星和金星的未知卫星可能存在的位置与周期.     

中国共产党在党建上的发展创新

在众多的政党中．中国共产党在政党建设上走在时代的前列。本文从思想理论建设和组织建设两个方面,探究了中国共产党在政党建设上的发展创新。     

Frequency,duration, and speed of wheel running of rats as a function of age and starvation

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether age differences in amounts of wheel running of starved rats were due to the frequency of bursts of running, to the average duration of bursts, to speed, or to any combination of these parameters. The experiment was carried out according to a 3 by 2 by 2 mixed model design. The independent variables were age (67, 293, and 746 days old at the start of starvation), food deprivation (total starvation vs ad lib), and occasion of measurement (initial vs maximum activity). The dependent variables were number of wheel revolutions, number of bursts of activity, number of seconds of running per burst, and revolutions per second. The results indicated that acutely starved rats run more often, for longer periods, and at higher speeds than do sated rats, and that with increased age rats run less often, for a shorter time, and at slower speeds.     

Performance ofBetta splendens in a radial arm maze

Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) were tested in aquatic versions of radial arm mazes. In the first experiment, the fish were trained to find tubifex worms in an eight-arm maze in which the optimal strategy was to choose each arm once without repetition. After initial training, the fish entered approximately 6.63 different arms in eight choices, showing a strong tendency to choose sequences of adjacent arms, moving about the maze in a Stereotypic direction. This algorithmic response pattern was not, however, sufficient to predict the high performance level of the fish. In the second experiment, a delay of .5 or 5 min was interposed between the fourth and fifth choices. Similar Stereotypic patterns continued in Experiment 2, but choice accuracy following the longer delay declined to a level not significantly above chance. In the third experiment, different fish were tested in a three-arm maze, reinforced either for returning from the second arm to the arm in which they had most recently been fed (win-stay) or for visiting a third arm (win-shift). The fish were significantly faster at acquiring the win-shift contingency than the win-stay contingency. These results demonstrate that solution of spatial tasks depends on the interaction of appropriate behavioral strategies and cognitive capacities that may have little generality across species.