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Despite a large body of research demonstrating the kinds of categories to which infants respond, few studies have directly assessed how infants' categorization unfolds over time. Four experiments used a visual familiarization task to evaluate 10-month-old infants' (N = 98) learning of exemplars characterized by commonalities in appearance or function. When learning exemplars with a common function, infants initially responded to the common feature, apparently forming a category, and only learned the individual features with more extensive familiarization. When learning exemplars with a common appearance, infants initially learned the individual features and apparently only formed a category with more extensive familiarization. The results are discussed in terms of models of category learning. 相似文献
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Illuminating the Dark Ages: Pupil Dilation as a Measure of Expectancy Violation Across the Life Span
Mainly for methodological reasons, little is known about the course of development of early cognitive competencies diagnosed with the violation of expectation (VoE) method in infants. The goal of this research was to evaluate the use of pupillometry as a unified approach to assess expectancy violations during and beyond the “dark ages” between 1 and 3 years. We tested children aged 1–6 years and adults (N = 279) with pictures of animals combined with matching or mismatching animal sounds. All age groups exhibited significantly greater pupil dilation in mismatched than matched trials. We conclude that pupillometry is a viable alternative to the VoE method that, by contrast to the latter, can be used throughout the life span. 相似文献
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Daniel Aragonés Alexander Eekhoff Fabian Horst Wolfgang Immanuel Schöllhorn 《Journal of sports sciences》2018,36(11):1296-1304
Training consisting of numerous repetitions performed as closely as possible to ideal techniques is common in sports and every-day tasks. Little is known about fatigue-related technique changes that emerge at different timescales when repeating complex actions such as a karate front kick. Accordingly, 15 karatekas performed 600 kicks (1 pre-block and 9 blocks). The pre-block comprised 6 kicks (3 with each leg) at maximum intensity (K-100%). Each block comprised 60 kicks (10 with each leg) at 80% of their self-perceived maximum intensity (K-80%) plus 6 K-100%. In between blocks, the participants rested for 90 seconds. Right leg kinematics (peak joint angles, peak joint angular velocities, peak joint linear resultant velocities, and time of occurrence of peaks) and kick duration corresponding to the K-80% were measured resulting in numerous variations with fatigue. At the timescale of tens of seconds, the changes involved variables that were related to velocity of execution (slowed down), while variables related to movement form were hardly affected. At the timescale of tens of minutes, the opposite results were observed. These findings challenge the long-standing rationale underlying repetitive training, suggesting instead that such involuntary variations in technique might play a crucial role in motor skill training 相似文献
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The article summarizes some considerations about the development of indicators for education for sustainable development (ESD). It reflects the present state of discussion, especially from a German perspective, and includes present developments in the area of quality criteria and standards for ESD. These discussion threads only denote the beginning of a discourse that will eventually lead to a practicable instrument for estimating the progress of ESD. This article shall give suggestions for the systematic development of an indicator system for ESD linking three dimensions: levels of educational systems, key functions of indicators, and key aspects of indicator development. 相似文献
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Horst Werner 《International Journal of Science Education》2013,35(4):461-463
English Cognitive Preference (CP) studies in science education have been met with several criticisms. One of these relates to response‐format i.e. the ipsative nature of the scores, another to linguistic factors, in particular the possible causing of preferences for the Q(uestioning)‐mode by matters unrelated to test modes as operationally defined. The present study used a horizontally split‐half method of testing, converting the first half of the 40‐item CP into an all‐Q format, and leaving the other half in its traditional form (recall, principles, questioning and application). Intercorrelations between both parts were thus non‐ipsative. Comparing subjects’ CP‐scores, mode‐intensities and within‐format correlations little or no differences were found. Moreover within and between‐format correlations turned out to be essentially identical. Factor‐ and SSA‐analyses confirmed the identical structures of both formats. It was concluded that ipsativity does not distort CP‐data unduly, neither does the particular linguistic format of Q‐statements cause substantial deviations from CP‐patterns. 相似文献
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