学生喜欢怎样的教师

现实生活对学校提出了新的要求:培养每一个学生的强烈的求知欲、深刻的自信心和不怕困难、坚韧不拔的精神。我认识不少教师,从现在来看,已经有充分的权利把他们称为新学校的教师了。战争结束之后过了几年,一所农村学校里来了一位刚刚大学毕业的年轻英语女教师。她担心地说:“我们在大学里几乎没有学过教学法,这叫我怎么工作呢……”可是,这种忧虑是多余的,因为过了一段时     

Relations of Children's Effortful Control and Teacher-Child Relationship Quality to School Attitudes in a Low-Income Sample

RESEARCH FINDINGS: The purpose of this study was to examine the relations of children's effortful control and quality of relationships with teachers to school attitudes longitudinally in an ethnically diverse and economically disadvantaged sample. Data were collected as part of a larger intervention project during mid-fall, winter, and late spring (ns = 823, 722, and 758, respectively) for 2 cohorts of 3- to 5-year-olds (collected during 2 different school years). Children's effortful control was assessed in the fall with parents' and teachers' reports and 2 behavioral measures. Teacher-child relationship quality was assessed mid-year with teachers' reports of closeness and conflict. Attitudes toward school were assessed in late spring using teachers' and students' reports of school avoidance and liking. Effortful control, in general, was positively correlated with teacher-child closeness and school liking and negatively correlated with conflict and school avoidance. Using structural equation modeling and controlling for sex and ethnicity, we found that effortful control was positively related to teacher-child relationship quality, which in turn was positively related to school attitudes. Furthermore, the relation of effortful control to school attitudes was mediated by teacher-child relationship quality. PRACTICE OR POLICY: Results provide evidence for the importance of relational processes that take place within the classroom context and have implications for teachers and clinicians working to increase school success in ethnic minority and low-income children.     

Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding 2 to 4 weeks following discharge from a large, urban, academic medical center striving for baby-friendly designation

Substantial evidence documents the superiority of breastfeeding for mothers and breastmilk for babies. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics and the U.S. Healthy People 2010 initiative promote breastfeeding, current breastfeeding rates often fall short of recommendations. This study determined factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding 2 to 4 weeks following discharge from a large, urban, academic medical center striving for Baby-Friendly designation. Results indicated that mothers who breastfed within the first hour of birth (61%) were significantly more likely to be exclusively breastfeeding 2 to 4 weeks after discharge. Incorporating care practices that include a number of the "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding," as recommended by the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, may increase the duration of exclusive breastfeeding after discharge.     

Theory of mind in dogs?: examining method and concept

In line with other research, Udell, Dorey, and Wynne’s (in press) finding that dogs and wolves pass on some trials of a putative theory-of-mind test and fail on others is as informative about the methods and concepts of the research as about the subjects. This commentary expands on these points. The intertrial differences in the target article demonstrate how critical the choice of cues is in experimental design; the intersubject-group differences demonstrate how life histories can interact with experimental design. Even the best-designed theory-of-mind tests have intractable logical problems. Finally, these and previous research results call for the introduction of an intermediate stage of ability, a rudimentary theory of mind, to describe subjects’ performance.     

Choice and goal-directed behavior in preschool children

Preschool children (3–4 years old) were trained to perform two actions to gain different outcomes, in the form of video clips from different cartoons, before one of these outcomes was devalued by noncontingent exposure. The effect of outcome devaluation was subsequently assessed in an extinction test by giving children the opportunity to perform both actions in the absence of any outcomes. When the two actions were trained concurrently, performance during the test was modulated by outcome value and children showed a preference for the action trained with the currently valued outcome. By contrast, when each action was trained separately on different trials, test performance was insensitive to outcome devaluation. These effects of the training schedules are interpreted in terms of dual-process theories of action control.     

我的吻在哪里

小女孩儿名叫辛迪。她有一个和睦的家,日子过得很不错。但这个家从一开始就缺少了一样东西,只不过辛迪还没有意识到。辛迪9岁那年,有一天到朋友德比家去玩儿,留在那儿过夜。睡觉时,德比的妈妈给两个女孩儿盖上被子,并亲吻了她们,祝她们晚安。"我爱你。"德比的妈妈说。"我也爱你。"德比说。辛迪惊奇得睡不着觉。因为在这之前从没人吻     

历史课中十月革命的课题

十年級学生不久就要学习偉大的十月社会主义革命的历史。我怀着非常激动的心情来备課。我考虑如何才能把課讲得更鮮明,更有兴趣。为了使学生能够感觉到十月革命那些偉大日子的气息,了解到弗·伊·列寧所締造的党对于我国無产阶級革命和社会主义建設的胜利的巨大的作用,我不止一次地檢查自己:是否一切都准备好了,是否一切都預見到了。在这年最初的几堂課中,十年級学生已經知道二十世紀初国际革命运动的中心移到俄国来了。我国成为帝国主义矛盾的集中点,是帝国主义最脆弱的一环。列寧在这里組織了新型的政党,这个党在俄国革命最初的年代里就領导劳动羣众进行斗爭。在这些課中,学生們获得了为理解十月革命胜利的历史規律所必需的基础知識。     

也谈柳宗元贬永期间思想生活的变化——与赵民伊先生商榷

近来得有机会读到赵民伊先生所写的《柳宗元贬永期间思想生活的变化》一文,有些观点,不敢苟同,特提出自己的一些看法,与赵先生商榷,并以之就教于《零陵师专学报》读者诸公。 一、关于从永贞元年(805)到元和十年(815)唐室 “朝政是非常混乱的”的问题     

一块烫石头

一村里有个孤老头。他身体很坏很坏,靠编篮子啊,缝毡靴啊,看守农庄果园不让孩子进去啊过日子。很久以前,他从老远什么地方到这村里来,可大家一眼就看到,他吃够了苦。他瘸着腿,头发过早地白了,还有道弯弯的深疤打颊帮一直通过了嘴唇。这一来,就算是笑吧,他那张脸看上去也像是很悲伤,像是凶巴巴的。二有一回,一个叫小伊凡的孩子爬进农庄果园,想偷苹果好好吃个饱。没想到,裤腿被围墙钉子挂住了,扑通,他落到下面带刺的醋栗丛里了。他被刺得浑身是伤,哇哇大哭,好,这一下就给看守人抓住了。还用说,老头儿满可以拿荨麻抽他,甚至拖他到学校去告状。…     

曾经行唱,曾经忧伤

许巍,一个理想至上的歌者,一个行吟诗人,在他的生命里,从来不相信宿命,他只是默默地坚守着自己内心的那份理想,玩味着尘世的孤独与无奈。一个寂寥的黄昏,我一遍又一遍地聆听许巍的专辑,他的歌声暗哑、沧桑,充满了落寞、孤苦与无助。我的灵魂为之颤栗,我的心绪随之摇曳,感动的泪水如泉涌出,犹如在倾听一个失意的知己在倾诉苦衷。他的歌声有着黑夜的颜色和金属的尖锐,能够穿透重重阻隔,直