Sleep management and the performance of eight sailors in the Tour de France à la voile yacht race

We observed how sailors manage their sleep and alertness before and during competition in a long-haul yacht race. Global performance of the teams was also recorded. We assessed eight sailors aged 21-30 years, split into four teams, who competed in the Tour de France à la Voile 2002 yacht race. Two phases of the race were examined: two legs in both the Atlantic Ocean and Mediterranean Sea. Sleep length, sleep debt, and sleepiness before competition and on board during the race were assessed using ambulatory polysomnography. Intermediate and final rankings were considered as a reflection of performance. A significant correlation was observed between the sleep debt before competition and the total sleep time on board during the Atlantic legs. The greater the sleep debt, the more sleepy the participants were. During the Mediterranean legs, almost all the sailors were deprived of sleep and slept during the daytime competitions. We observed that the final ranking in the race related to the sleep management strategy of the participants. In extreme competitive conditions, the effect of a good night's sleep before competition on performance is important. The strategy of the winners was to get sufficient sleep before each leg so as to be the most alert and efficient during the race.     

我国体育教育专业网络课程建设现状与特点

通过网络调查,分析我国体育教育专业网络课程建设的现状。发现:我国体育教育专业网络课程建设尚处于起步阶段,开设网络课程的学校较少,且网络课程建设呈现较明显的地区特点;我国体育教育专业网络课程的内容建设已涉及到所有主干课程,部分网络课程具备了较完备的教学功能;网络课程网站制作呈教学内容手段多样化、Flash 和三维动画及视频演示应用多的特点。认为:网站学习资源丰富但缺少与课程内容的有机结合;评价与反馈环节有待加强;网站制作技术有待提高。     

低氧暴露后提高平原运动能力的非血液学机制

在过去五十多年中,高原训练常被应用于优秀耐力运动员,旨在提高其平原的运动能力.大多研究认为,高原适应的优势主要集中在血液学方面,即提主平原运动能力的主要机制是高原环境下氧气利用下降激发红细胞生成加速反应,从而起红细胞量、 VO2max和竞技能力的提高.     

“兴趣教学法”在足球教学中的运用

足球技术是影响学生运动技术水平的重要因素,兴趣是获得知识、开扩眼界、丰富心理活动的重要动力,学生对足球运动的兴趣,将直接影响到他们学习的积极性及对所学技术的掌握程度,因此,在足球教学中,运用“兴趣教学法”,充分提高学生的学习兴趣,提高学生的足球技术。     

Ground reaction forces and kinematics of plant leg position during instep kicking in male and female collegiate soccer players

The players' ability to achieve the greatest distance in kicking is determined by their efficiency in transferring kinetic energy from the body to the ball. The purpose of this study was to compare the kinetics and kinematics of the plant leg position between male and female collegiate soccer players during instep kicking. Twenty-three soccer players (11 males and 12 females) were filmed in both the sagittal and posterior views while performing a maximal instep kick. Plant leg kinetic data were also collected using an AMTI 1000 force platform. There were no significant differences between the sexes in plant leg position, but females had significantly greater trunk lean, plant leg angle, and medial-lateral ground reaction force than the males. Males showed higher vertical ground reaction forces at ball contact, but there were no significant differences in ball speed at take-off between the sexes. Ball speed at take-off was inversely related to peak anterior-posterior ground reaction force (-0.65). The anatomical differences between the sexes were reflected in greater trunk lean and lower leg angle in the females.     

武林屁话（一）

作者自称其文为屁话,细读下来,句句“屁话”皆有所指,嘲“大师”,骂“名士”,令人忍俊不禁。确实做到了“有话直说,有屁直放。”果然不同凡响,现摘要发表,愿与读者朋友“屁话”共欣赏。     

冠军不是天生的

进入赛场的球员们．他们要比拼四样东西：技术、体能、意志品质、战术素养。大多数教练和运动员在训练时会将重点放在技术和体能方面．比如击球动作和力量等等。但不管怎样,一流的运动员必须在上述四项上全面发展,尤其是意志品质和战术素养方面。基本上说,意志与精神方面的能力需要早期培养,但它们却很容易被忽视,而技术和体能上的训练和投入似乎可以得到尽快的回报。     

潜规则

网球场上有很多大家熟知的网球礼仪,比如约球不要迟到、不在球场内吸烟、拍照不开闪光灯等。但除此之外,还有很多礼仪很可能是你注意不到的,如果没人告诉你,或许永远意识不到自己错了。假如你在球场上不受欢迎,或许就是因为你背离了一些“潜规则”。     

Energy balance and dietary habits of America's Cup sailors

This research, which was conducted with crew members of an America's Cup team, had the following objectives: (a) to assess energy expenditure and intake during training; (b) to evaluate the sailors' diet, and (c) to identify any dietary flaws to determine the appropriate intake of nutrients, correct possible dietary mistakes, and improve their food habits. Energy expenditure was estimated on 15 sailors using direct measurements (oxygen consumption) and a 3-day activity questionnaire. Oxygen consumption was measured on sailors during both on-water America's Cup sailing training and dry-land fitness training. Composition of the diet was estimated using a 3-day food record. Average daily energy expenditure of the sailors ranged from 14.95 to 24.4 MJ, depending on body mass and boat role, with the highest values found in grinders and mastmen. Daily energy intake ranged from 15.7 to 23.3 MJ (from +6% to -18% of energy expenditure). The contributions of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to total energy intake were 43%, 18%, and 39% respectively, values that are not in accord with the recommended guidelines for athletes. Our results show the importance of assessing energy balance and food habits for America's Cup sailors performing different roles. The practical outcome of this study was that the sailors were given dietary advice and prescribed a Mediterranean diet, explained in specific nutrition lectures.     

Physiological characteristics of America's Cup sailors

The aim of this study was to assess the physiological profile of America's Cup grinders and mastmen, by measuring energy expenditure during sailing and assessing their aerobic and anaerobic fitness. The study focused on estimating the energy used during grinding activity, by measuring oxygen uptake (VO(2)) during sail setting in real sailing conditions. In the laboratory, using an arm-cranking ergometer, we measured VO(2peak) during an incremental maximal exercise test and total energy expended during the effort and recovery phases of an all-out test that simulated grinding activity, in six grinders and mastmen and ten sailors of the same crew. Total energy used during grinding corresponded to 45% (s = 9) and 51% (s = 5) of that used in the all-out test (234 kJ, s = 21.7) for tacks and gybes, respectively. In both grinding activity and the all-out test, VO(2) increased during and after the effort. The "VO(2) top value" was 53% (s = 8.6), 68% (s = 5.5), and 78% (s = 3.1) of VO(2peak) (4.7 l . min(-1), s = 0.43) in tacks, gybes, and the all-out test, respectively. During fast sequences of grinding activity, the "VO(2) top value" reached 65% (s = 7.1) VO(2peak) in tacks and 91% (s = 3.3) VO(2peak) in gybes. Our results suggest that grinders and mastmen are characterized by a high anaerobic capacity but their performance can be improved by powering aerobic fitness, to increase this energy contribution to all-out efforts and to guarantee fast recovery when grinding activity is repeated with short rest intervals.