Two components of responding in Pavlovian lick suppression

The present research examined the temporal distribution of responding in a lick suppression paradigm. In Experiment 1, rats were trained with either a 30- or a 120-s conditioned stimulus (CS), which was followed either by a footshock (unconditioned stimulus [US]) or nothing. Licking during the CS was suppressed only in the former condition. Suppression was more pronounced early in the CS. In Experiment 2, rats were exposed to two 30-s or two 120-s CSs, with delivery of the shock being contingent on CS1 for half of the animals and on CS2 for the other half. For both the paired and the unpaired conditions, suppression at the beginning of CS1 was observed for all the groups. By discounting the possibility of generalization between CS1 and CS2, it appears that this initial suppression was not a conditioned response to the CS, but an unconditioned one due to mere exposure to the shock US.     

我的吻在哪里

小女孩儿名叫辛迪。她有一个和睦的家,日子过得很不错。但这个家从一开始就缺少了一样东西,只不过辛迪还没有意识到。辛迪9岁那年,有一天到朋友德比家去玩儿,留在那儿过夜。睡觉时,德比的妈妈给两个女孩儿盖上被子,并亲吻了她们,祝她们晚安。"我爱你。"德比的妈妈说。"我也爱你。"德比说。辛迪惊奇得睡不着觉。因为在这之前从没人吻     

以90后视角写青春之作

我经常收到一些读者投稿,作文前面往往附着自我简介之类的资料,这些文字往往很有灵气,就是家常话也给人一种很亲切的感觉。比如,有个同学爆料她的家庭,说爸爸生意失败,一家人过得很苦,后来爸爸振作精神去跑运输,又出了车祸。妹妹不太听话,吃     

11大周星驰头号接班人 揪出来

周星驰了不得,一个人就能把千千万万男女老少逗得前仰后合稀里哗啦。不过,浩瀚搞笑天地,老是靠一人撑着顶着扛着玩着也实在难为他。偏偏他又喜欢孤身作战,老没下决心培养接班人,将周氏搞笑风采有计划有方向地传播延续下去。我等看在眼里,急在心里,特地为星爷苦心搜罗11位头号接班人,请无厘头掌门人尽早留心考察这些人选,争取在明年此时师徒并肩搞笑,星光DOUBLE灿烂!     

育人先育心

“我1966年毕业于师范学院。但教书的时间不长,因为我被选举为共青团区委第一书记。我记得区党委的一位同志当时对我说:你是教师,共青团工作嘛,跟学校工作是同一回事,主要的是育人。“我已经当了五个月的书记。我区地处农村,学生团员几乎占百分之七十。困难不少。我有时参加会,有时跟青年男女交谈,发现他们对讨论和决定的事情压根儿无所     

自学单元程序教材介绍:化学键(二)

伸展在晶格内的离子键很强,因此从晶格中移走离子是困难的。由于这个原因,离子型化合物具有较高的熔点和沸点。存在于共价型固体或液体中的分子间的作用力没有这样强(除1～2例外),使分子聚集在一起的作用力布遍于固体中也是不强的。考虑下列的气化热:     

浅析英语同义词的特色

像世界上其他语言一样,英语是世界上最发达的语言之一,这具体表现在它有丰富多彩的同义词。本文就什么是同义词,产生同义词的历史背景,如何辨析英语同义词,以及从英语同义词的修辞作用这四方面来领略一下英语同义词的多姿多彩特点。     

Diversity of Gram negative bacteria antagonistic against major pathogens of rice from rice seed in the tropic environment

INTRODUCTIONRiceseedharborsadozenofplantpathogen icbacteria (Gotoetal.,1 988;Xieetal.,1 998) .Thebacterialpathogenscausearangeofricediseases,someverydestructivewhileothershavenoeffectonricecropgrowth .Inthisstudy ,wefoundalargenumberofbacteriaasso ciatedw…