针灸治疗中老年颈椎病96例

中老年人由于骨刺形成或椎间盘狭小、椎间孔狭窄等颈椎病引起颈、肩、上肢疼痛、沉重、麻木、瘫痪 ,甚至头痛、眩晕、恶心呕吐等症状。笔者运用体、耳针配合近、远端取穴的针灸治疗方法 ,治疗 96例中老年颈椎病 ,取得满意疗效。现介绍如下 :一、临床资料本组 96例患者中 ,男性     

Prenatal depression, violence, substance use, and perception of support in pregnant middle-class women

The purpose of this study was to explore the vulnerability for postpartum depression among financially, educationally, and socially advantaged middle-class women (n = 31). Twenty-nine percent reported prenatal depression, 13% reported intimate partner violence, and 22% reported concerns with partner relationships and support expectations after delivery. No illegal substances were reported; however, a past history of smoking and excessive use of caffeine was disclosed. Implications for practice focus on the need to screen and implement intervention programs for these social problems and to adopt measures as a universal standard of care for all women, regardless of demographic advantages.     

基于良构和劣构问题求解的教学设计模式(下)

虽然大多数教育家认为问题求解能力是最重要的学习结果 ,但在教学设计研究中却很少涉及问题求解的教学设计问题。本文的探究力图弥补这一不足。我们认为 ,问题可以分为良构问题 (well- structured prob-lem)和劣构问题 (ill- structured problem)两大类型。良构问题是指限定性条件的问题 ,它具有明确的已知条件 ,并在已知条件范围内运用若干规则和原理来获得同一性的解决方法 ;劣构问题的特点是具有多种解决方法、解决途径和少量确定性的条件 ,这些条件不仅不易操作 ,而且包括某些不确定性因素 ,如哪些概念、规则和原理对求解方法是必要的 ,如何将它们组织起来 ,哪种解决方法最为合适等等。对于这两大类型问题 ,本文分别讨论了学习者问题求解的模式和相应的教学设计模式 ,以支持学习者问题求解技能的发展。良构问题的求解模式是以信息加工学习理论为基础的 ,而劣构问题的求解模式则是基于一种新兴的劣构问题求解理论、建构主义和情境认知学习理论。     

Gender effects in children's beliefs about school performance: a cross-cultural study

Do young boys and girls understand what leads to academic success (e.g., talent, effort, good teaching, luck) in the same way? Do young girls and boys have equivalent perceptions of their academic competence? Are these beliefs engendered in the same way across sociocultural contexts? In a cross-cultural study of over 3,000 children in grades 2 to 6, ages 7.2 to 13.6, we discovered that boys and girls around the world have very similar ideas about what generally leads to academic success. Moreover, in the few contexts where boys' and girls' academic performances were equal, their beliefs were also equal. However, when girls outperformed boys, their beliefs in their own talent were no greater than boys' beliefs, even though they did have stronger beliefs than boys in other facets of their achievement potential (e.g., putting forth effort, being lucky, getting their teacher's help). Our findings support the generally close correspondence between children's achievement and their competence-related beliefs, with the exception that young girls appear to specifically discount their talent. The effects held regardless of the children's achievement, intelligence, or age (approximately 8 to 13 years). Girls were more biased in some contexts than in others, however, suggesting that competence-related biases are rooted in culture-specific aspects of school settings.     

改进学校课程和提高教学质量

学校必须传授给学生们以符合现代科学进展、符合辩证唯物主义世界观和共产主义道德等客观实际的深刻而长期有用的知识,并且必须进行劳动教育,培养劳动习惯和爱劳动的情感。实现这一目的的途径之一就是改进普通中学的课程和教科书。在已公布的课程标准(即教学大纲)的章、节、课题的说明中预先指出了学生务必学到的要点,同时按照学校集体能力的实际情况,确定补充的或次要的内容。这一关于课程的改进是为了减轻学生的过重负担,同时也指明了所有学生可以掌握的并且必定能达到较高水平的一定量的基本教材的内容。     

意识与无意识关系新解

有关意识和无意识之间关系问题的讨论,具有十分重要的理论指导意义和实践针对性。人的行为活动主要是无意识的、还是有意识的?精神分析和人本主义心理学对此作出了不同的回答。在世纪之交的意识研究的“复兴运动”中,以认知心理学和实验心理学为代表的实证研究范式得出了新的结论。实验研究表明,大多数人的学习、生活工作方式,是按照内隐的、无意识的方式进行的。     

On the Nature and Role of English in Asia

The present paper is divided into eight sections:introduction,the global diffusion of English,perceptions of the new varieties,the issue of intelligibility,features that cause unintelligibility,need for a broader pragmatics,and pedagogical impli- cations,and conclusion,followed by the references.Not surprisingly,the global spread of English has generated varying perspec- tives on the nature and functions of its acculturated varieties.Broadly speaking,the debate has divided scholars into two camps holding diametrically opposing views on the multiple versions of English.On the one hand,some scholars view variations as symp- toms of linguistic degeneration and deterioration;on the other hand,some scholars legitimize them as inevitable manifestations ne- cessitated by the demands of the new cultural contexts.The normative view of the former camp stems,at least partly,from the problems the new forms of English pose in terms of international intelligibility.It is in this context that the paper examines the traditional,one-sided,native speaker-centred idea of intelligibility and the recent two-sided view of intelligibility that places the onus on both the native speaker and the non-native speaker.The argument of the latter camp is based on the premise that the new varieties require a broader pragmatic framework,because universal pragmatics is inadequate to describe them satisfactorily. Thus,the camp advocates a need for a language specific pragmatics,and a comparative pragmatics,in addition to the traditional universal pragmatics.Logically,the debate on phonological,lexical,grammatical,and discourse structure variations,and their le- gitimacy has prompted English language teaching specialists to have a fresh look at the goals and objectives of teaching English in the countries of the outer and expanding circles,and accordingly prioritize the teaching of national and regional varieties over that of the so-called native varieties.Thus,the paradigms of independence and centrality of the new varieties are replacing the paradigms of their dependence and marginality.     

Acculturation, substance use, and deviant behavior: examining separation and family conflict as mediators

This longitudinal study examined how separation and family conflict mediated the effects of two acculturation variables (English language use and generational status) on substance use (alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use) and deviant behavior outcomes in a Mexican American high school age sample. Structural equation modeling indicated that separation was a significant mediator of the relationship between acculturation and alcohol use, tobacco use, and deviant behavior. Family conflict mediated the effects of acculturation on marijuana use and deviant behavior. Model comparisons across gender groups suggested that generational status was an influential acculturation measure for females but not males. Additionally, English language use maintained a direct effect on marijuana use among females, whereas this relationship was mediated by separation for males.     

The relationship between instructional and assessment accommodations in an inclusive state accountability system

We investigated the kinds of instructional and assessment accommodations students with disabilities receive, and the extent to which instructional accommodations match assessment accommodations. Most students who had IEPs in specific content areas received instructional accommodations in those areas, and there were no differences by disability type. We provide data on the specific types of accommodations used. Overall, students' assessment accommodations matched their instructional accommodations, though many students received testing accommodations that had not been received in instruction. Implications are discussed for IEP teams who make decisions about instructional and assessment accommodations.