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101.
Children (n = 130; M(age) = 8.51-15.68 years) and college-aged adults (n = 72; M(age) = 20.50 years) completed numerosity discrimination and lexical decision tasks. Children produced longer response times (RTs) than adults. R. Ratcliff's (1978) diffusion model, which divides processing into components (e.g., quality of evidence, decision criteria settings, nondecision time), was fit to the accuracy and RT distribution data. Differences in all components were responsible for slowing in children in these tasks. Children extract lower quality evidence than college-aged adults, unlike older adults who extract a similar quality of evidence as college-aged adults. Thus, processing components responsible for changes in RTs at the beginning of the life span are somewhat different from those responsible for changes occurring with healthy aging. 相似文献
102.
How does understanding the decimal system change with age and experience? Second, third, sixth graders, and adults (Experiment 1: N = 96, mean ages = 7.9, 9.23, 12.06, and 19.96 years, respectively) made number line estimates across 3 scales (0–1,000, 0–10,000, and 0–100,000). Generation of linear estimates increased with age but decreased with numerical scale. Therefore, the authors hypothesized highlighting commonalities between small and large scales (15:100::1500:10000) might prompt children to generalize their linear representations to ever‐larger scales. Experiment 2 assigned second graders (N = 46, mean age = 7.78 years) to experimental groups differing in how commonalities of small and large numerical scales were highlighted. Only children experiencing progressive alignment of small and large scales successfully produced linear estimates on increasingly larger scales, suggesting analogies between numeric scales elicit broad generalization of linear representations. 相似文献
103.
Payn T Pfeiffer KA Hutto B Vena JE LaMonte MJ Blair SN Hooker SP 《Research quarterly for exercise and sport》2008,79(2):128-132
The relationship between average daily step counts and age, body mass index (BMI), self-reported physical activity (PA) level, and perceived health was determined in 85 middle-aged and older adults who wore a pedometer for 7 consecutive days. Average daily steps were significantly (p < .05) correlated with BMI (r = -.26), age (r = -.44) and perceived health (r = .53) but not with self-reported PA level (r = .19). The adjusted percentage of participants classified as meeting the PA recommendation in < or = 5,000, 5,001-9,999, and > or = 10,000 steps/day categories ranged from 53 to 61%. These findings support previous evidence in younger populations suggesting that the recommended minimal level of health-related PA may be achieved despite not accumulating 10,000 steps/day. 相似文献
104.
Humans discount larger amounts of a delayed reinforcer less steeply than smaller amounts, but studies with pigeons and rats
have yet to reveal such a magnitude effect, suggesting that the effect may be unique to humans. The present study examined
whether the magnitude effect is observed in a species phylogenetically closer to humans, by comparing the rates at which rhesus
monkeys discounted 10% and 20% concentrations of sucrose. There were no systematic differences in the rates at which the monkeys
discounted the two sucrose concentrations, despite the fact that they strongly preferred the 20% concentration. Interestingly,
the monkeys discounted delayed sucrose at a rate higher than was observed with delayed cocaine, and lower than was observed
with delayed saccharin in previous studies (Freeman et al. Behavioural Processes, 82, 214-218, 2009; Woolverton et al. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 238-244, 2007). Taken together, these findings suggest that although both quantitative and qualitative differences can affect monkeys’
preferences between immediate reinforcers, qualitative differences between types of reinforcers (e.g., sucrose vs. cocaine)
can affect monkeys’ discounting rates in a way that quantitative differences within a reinforcer (e.g., 10% vs. 20% sucrose)
do not. 相似文献
105.
文章通过分析企业的财务管理模式,结合高校高速发展的实际情况,提出高校财务应借鉴企业财务管理模式中的综合财务管理模式,建立综合财务计划的财务运行机制;并对综合财务运行机制的优点及应注意的问题进行了具体分析和研究,以充分提高高校财务管理的水平和能力,适应高校自身的发展和需要。 相似文献
107.
Peer rejection and social information-processing factors in the development of aggressive behavior problems in children 总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21
Dodge KA Lansford JE Burks VS Bates JE Pettit GS Fontaine R Price JM 《Child development》2003,74(2):374-393
The relation between social rejection and growth in antisocial behavior was investigated. In Study 1,259 boys and girls (34% African American) were followed from Grades 1 to 3 (ages 6-8 years) to Grades 5 to 7 (ages 10-12 years). Early peer rejection predicted growth in aggression. In Study 2,585 boys and girls (16% African American) were followed from kindergarten to Grade 3 (ages 5-8 years), and findings were replicated. Furthermore, early aggression moderated the effect of rejection, such that rejection exacerbated antisocial development only among children initially disposed toward aggression. In Study 3, social information-processing patterns measured in Study 1 were found to mediate partially the effect of early rejection on later aggression. In Study 4, processing patterns measured in Study 2 replicated the mediation effect. Findings are integrated into a recursive model of antisocial development. 相似文献
108.
109.
Niemi P Nurmi JE Lyyra AL Lerkkanen MK Lepola J Poskiparta E Poikkeus AM 《Journal of learning disabilities》2011,44(5):459-471
Altogether 1,285 Finnish children were followed up from the end of kindergarten through Grade 1. All were nonreaders at school entrance. The aim was to delineate predictors of resistance to treatment that are evidenced as little or no reading progress during Grade 1. On the basis of reading achievement in Grade 1 spring, four subgroups were formed. These were fast, average, and slow reading acquisition and slow progress in both reading and math. Kindergarten spring scores in phonological awareness, letter knowledge, rapid naming, and number skills differentiated well among the groups, the latter two being more robust predictors. Task avoidance added to the prediction over and above cognitive skills. Its effect disappeared when parental history of reading and math difficulties was included in the equation. The present results depict poor response to instruction as a general learning problem rather than a specific reading difficulty. Poor response to instruction differs from dyslexia also in that treatment resisters start school with cognitive prerequisites that do not indicate severe reading and math problems. 相似文献
110.
The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
This study investigated the combination of mothers' and fathers' parenting styles (affection, behavioral control, and psychological control) that would be most influential in predicting their children's internal and external problem behaviors. A total of 196 children (aged 5-6 years) were followed up six times from kindergarten to the second grade to measure their problem behaviors. Mothers and fathers filled in a questionnaire measuring their parenting styles once every year. The results showed that a high level of psychological control exercised by mothers combined with high affection predicted increases in the levels of both internal and external problem behaviors among children. Behavioral control exercised by mothers decreased children's external problem behavior but only when combined with a low level of psychological control. 相似文献