Changes in the relation of self-efficacy beliefs and behaviors across development

Many social science theories that examine the connection between beliefs and behaviors assume that belief constructs will predict behaviors similarly across development. Converging research implies that this assumption may not be tenable across all ages or all belief constructs. Thus, to test this implication, the relation between behavior and beliefs about the self was examined in 2 independent data sets with 2 different constructs: aggression and achievement. The respondents were 6-18 years of age and predominately Caucasian. Results using quasi-simplex structural equation models suggest that self-beliefs become more strongly related to behavior as children grow older independent of the reliability of the measures used. Possible limitations in the use of self-report methodology with young children are discussed.     

江苏高校图书馆编目数据存在的问题及对策

目前江苏高校图书馆在长期图书馆数据库建设、维护工作中编目数据主要存在如下问题：存在信息不全的原始数据;MARC记录的遗漏;分类级别的参差不齐;条码号和图书流水号未建联系;建库过程中不断产生简编数据的更新;各种原因导致的数据残缺、分类错误等;《中图法》不断修订;文献著录规则和CNMARC标准不断修订。针对问题形成的原因进行客观实际的分析,同时提出解决方法为编目人员提供参考。     

怎样在培养皿中培育鸡胚

在各类学校的生物课中,常常利用鸡的胚胎来做实验。因为鸡胚个体大,不易碰碎,取材容易,用它来验证脊椎动物的胚胎发育,很受大家的欢迎。但鸡胚在不透明的蛋壳中发育,造成观察活鸡胚发育的困难。本文介绍的方法,是把整个胚胎放进培养器中培育,可以成功地直接观察孵育3天到大约17天的鸡胚发育状况。观察活鸡胚的传统方法是在蛋壳上开一个     

Word identification and reading disorders in the Spanish language

In this study, a reading-level-match design was used to test the hypothesis that children with reading disability (RD) are characterized by poor phonological skills, and that a developmental lag, as opposed to a specific deficit, will be found in transparent orthographies. Spanish has a transparent orthography and thus children with RD should not show severe difficulties in the use of the phonological route, as in the English language. A sample of 118 participants was selected and organized into three different groups: 40 with RD, 38 normal readers matched in age with the former, and 40 younger normal readers at the same reading level as those with RD. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of lexicality, word frequency, word length, and positional frequency of syllables on lexical decision making and word-naming performance. While the participants were performing the naming task, we recorded what they read to subsequently analyze the form as well as the frequency of naming errors. The present study provides evidence for a deficit in phonological processing in a transparent orthography, particularly in nonword reading, because there were differences between the reading-level-matched groups.     

汉语言文字审美化特征与语文审美化教学

语文审美化教学具有形象性、情感性、创造性、和谐性等特征。汉语言文字则具有音乐美、形象美、意蕴美和情感美的审美化特点。我们应在语文教学中充分发挥汉语母语的优势,充分利用汉语言文字的审美化特点,使学生真正感悟汉语言在语音上的音乐美、体会汉文字的形体美、体味汉语言语词的意蕴美、热爱文章中的情感美,从而深化语文审美化教学。     

浅谈会计信息管理系统对财务实践的影响

会计信息管理系统对财务实践的影响有多方面：大大提高了会计信息处理的速度和准确性,为用户提供及时准确的会计信息,有助于加强管理,提高企业的竞争能力;能有效地减轻会计工作人员的负担,使他们能从简单重复而又无味的记账算账中解脱出来,以更多的精力从事更主要的管理和决策工作,从而提高了会计人员的地位;使会计的两个主要分支——财务会计和管理会计能更有效地互相结合、互相补充,充分发挥各自的职能。会计信息管理系统具有运算速度快、存储容量大、数据高度共享、检索查询速度快捷、编制报表简单、数据分析准确等特点。会计信息管理系统改变了会计数据处理方式和账务处理方式及内部控制制度,注重会计信息分析。应强化会计信息管理系统理论研究,增强会计信息的安全性、体察性与档案管理工作,使会计信息管理系统向更深层次发展。     

Delay discounting in rhesus monkeys: equivalent discounting of more and less preferred sucrose concentrations

Humans discount larger amounts of a delayed reinforcer less steeply than smaller amounts, but studies with pigeons and rats have yet to reveal such a magnitude effect, suggesting that the effect may be unique to humans. The present study examined whether the magnitude effect is observed in a species phylogenetically closer to humans, by comparing the rates at which rhesus monkeys discounted 10% and 20% concentrations of sucrose. There were no systematic differences in the rates at which the monkeys discounted the two sucrose concentrations, despite the fact that they strongly preferred the 20% concentration. Interestingly, the monkeys discounted delayed sucrose at a rate higher than was observed with delayed cocaine, and lower than was observed with delayed saccharin in previous studies (Freeman et al. Behavioural Processes, 82, 214-218, 2009; Woolverton et al. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, 238-244, 2007). Taken together, these findings suggest that although both quantitative and qualitative differences can affect monkeys’ preferences between immediate reinforcers, qualitative differences between types of reinforcers (e.g., sucrose vs. cocaine) can affect monkeys’ discounting rates in a way that quantitative differences within a reinforcer (e.g., 10% vs. 20% sucrose) do not.     

Children are not like older adults: a diffusion model analysis of developmental changes in speeded responses

Children (n = 130; M(age) = 8.51-15.68 years) and college-aged adults (n = 72; M(age) = 20.50 years) completed numerosity discrimination and lexical decision tasks. Children produced longer response times (RTs) than adults. R. Ratcliff's (1978) diffusion model, which divides processing into components (e.g., quality of evidence, decision criteria settings, nondecision time), was fit to the accuracy and RT distribution data. Differences in all components were responsible for slowing in children in these tasks. Children extract lower quality evidence than college-aged adults, unlike older adults who extract a similar quality of evidence as college-aged adults. Thus, processing components responsible for changes in RTs at the beginning of the life span are somewhat different from those responsible for changes occurring with healthy aging.     

Children's use of analogy during collaborative reasoning

This microgenetic study examined social influences on children's development of analogical reasoning during peer-led small-group discussions of stories about controversial issues. A total of 277 analogies were identified among 7,215 child turns for speaking during 54 discussions from 18 discussion groups in 6 fourth-grade classrooms (N = 120; age M=10.0, SD=0.6). Use of analogy was found to spread among the children in discussion groups and occur at an accelerating rate, primarily because of the increasing use of novel analogies. Relational analogies with shared surface features triggered purely relational analogies during the next 2 speaking turns, showing a trend of relational shift. These results provide distinctive new evidence for the importance of social interaction in an aspect of cognitive development.     

How 15 hundred is like 15 cherries: effect of progressive alignment on representational changes in numerical cognition

How does understanding the decimal system change with age and experience? Second, third, sixth graders, and adults (Experiment 1: N = 96, mean ages = 7.9, 9.23, 12.06, and 19.96 years, respectively) made number line estimates across 3 scales (0–1,000, 0–10,000, and 0–100,000). Generation of linear estimates increased with age but decreased with numerical scale. Therefore, the authors hypothesized highlighting commonalities between small and large scales (15:100::1500:10000) might prompt children to generalize their linear representations to ever‐larger scales. Experiment 2 assigned second graders (N = 46, mean age = 7.78 years) to experimental groups differing in how commonalities of small and large numerical scales were highlighted. Only children experiencing progressive alignment of small and large scales successfully produced linear estimates on increasingly larger scales, suggesting analogies between numeric scales elicit broad generalization of linear representations.