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91.
Although the ability to understand speech in adverse listening conditions is paramount for effective communication across the life span, little is understood about how this critical processing skill develops. This study asks how the dynamics of spoken word recognition (i.e., lexical access and competition) change during soft speech in 8- to 11-year-olds (n = 26). Lexical competition and access for speech at lower intensity levels was measured using eye-tracking and the visual world paradigm. Overall the results suggest that soft speech influences the magnitude and timing of lexical access and competition. These results suggest that lexical competition is a cognitive process that can be adapted in the school-age years to help cope with increased uncertainty due to alterations in the speech signal. 相似文献
92.
Marita Jacob 《Higher Education》2011,61(3):277-291
In a recent paper on gender inequality in higher education Buchman and DiPrete (2006) assume that the decrease in the gender
gap in college completion in the US can partly be explained by changes in the allocation of familial resources in favour of
women. However, they do not test this hypothesis empirically. In this paper I examine the effects of sibling sex composition
on the graduation of women in more detail by analysing data from the German Life History Study. I assume that resources are
the key issue to explaining the effects of sibling configuration on educational attainment. Tertiary education is a good case
for testing sex composition effects due to the unequal distribution of resources between and within families, because the
direct costs and opportunity costs of higher education are relatively high compared to those of earlier educational decisions.
Accordingly, I expect that working class daughters are most likely to be disadvantaged if they are raised with brothers. The
empirical results show that in fact, not the presence of a brother as such hinders educational attainment of sisters, but
older brothers have a negative influence on their sisters chances of graduation. In accordance to the hypothesis, this effect
is stronger for university graduation than for graduation at Fachhochschule. For social class differences in sibling effects it turns out that working class daughters are particularly less likely to
graduate compared to service class daughters if there are older brothers in the family. 相似文献
93.
Jacob W. Neumann 《Educational theory》2011,61(5):601-619
Critical pedagogy has often been linked in the literature to faith traditions such as liberation theology, usually with the intent of improving or redirecting it. While recognizing and drawing from those previous linkages, Jacob Neumann goes further in this essay and develops the thesis that critical pedagogy can not just benefit from a connection with faith traditions, but is actually, in and of itself, a practice of faith. In this analysis, he juxtaposes critical pedagogy against three conceptualizations of faith: John Caputo's blurring of the modernist division between faith and reason, Paul Tillich's argument that faith is “ultimate concern,” and Paulo Freire's theology and early Christian influences. Using this three‐pronged approach, Neumann argues that regardless of how it is seen, critical pedagogy manifests as a practice of faith “all the way down.” 相似文献
94.
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96.
Alvin Weinberg’s classic and much debated two articles in Minerva, “Criteria for Scientific Choice” (1963) and “Criteria for Scientific Choice II – The Two Cultures” (1964), represent two of the first and most important attempts to create a meta-discourse about priority setting in science policy, and many of the points advanced remain relevant. The goal of this paper is to elaborate on the relevance of some of Weinberg’s original arguments to priority setting today. We have singled out four issues for attention: The tension between scientific and institutional choice, the assumptions behind the triad of scientific, technological and social merit, the elusive ‘externality from size’ argument for funding promoted by Weinberg, and finally the problems involved in the idea of basic science as an ‘overhead cost’ for applied science, and applied science as an ‘overhead’ on a sectoral mission. These four issues will be elaborated from a policy perspective and connected to present day challenges for science and technology policy. 相似文献
97.
The quality of governmental websites is often measured with questionnaires that ask users for their opinions on various aspects of the website. This article presents the Website Evaluation Questionnaire (WEQ), which was specifically designed for the evaluation of governmental websites. The multidimensional structure of the WEQ was tested in a controlled laboratory setting and in an online real-life setting. In two studies we analyzed the underlying factor structure, the stability and reliability of this structure, and the sensitivity of the WEQ to quality differences between websites. The WEQ proved to be a valid and reliable instrument with seven clearly distinct dimensions. In the online setting higher correlations were found between the seven dimensions than in the laboratory setting, and the WEQ was less sensitive to differences between websites. Two possible explanations for this result are the divergent activities of online users on the website and the less attentive way in which these users filled out the questionnaire. We advise to relate online survey evaluations more strongly to the actual behavior of website users, for example, by including server log data in the analysis. 相似文献
98.
99.
Merle Jacob 《Minerva》2009,47(4):391-405
The new prominence given to science for economic growth and industry comes with an increased policy focus on the promotion
of commodification and commercialization of academic science. This paper posits that this increased interest in commodification
is a new steering mechanism for governing science. This is achieved by first outlining what is meant by the commodification
of scientific knowledge through reviewing a selection of literatures on the concept of commodification. The paper concludes
with a discussion of how commodification functions as a means for governing science. 相似文献
100.
This study examines the ways single Black mothers contribute to the educational success of their 11th-grade sons, despite the fact that their sons are enrolled in “failing schools.” Data from five interviews and one focus group reveal common characteristics of how single-Black mothers help their sons beat the odds. 相似文献