Development and evaluation of a biomechanics concept inventory

To help instructors in evaluating innovations in biomechanics instruction, a standardised test of the key concepts taught in the introductory biomechanics course was developed. The Biomechanics Concept Inventory (BCI) consists of 24 questions that test four prerequisite competencies and eight biomechanics competencies. Three hundred and sixty seven students from ten universities throughout the United States took the test at the beginning and the end of the introductory biomechanics course. Analysis of a sub-sample of the students showed that the BCI was reliable with typical errors in internal consistency and test-retest conditions of 1.4 and 2.0 questions, respectively. Mean pre-test scores (8.5 +/- 2.0) significantly (p < 0.0001) improved to 10.5 +/- 3.2 in the posttest (n = 305). Typical biomechanics students could correctly answer half of the prerequisite questions on the pre-test. Instruction resulted in a mean normalised gain (g) of 13.0% of maximum possible improvement that was consistent with research on traditional instruction in introductory physics courses. It was concluded that the BCI could be an effective tool to evaluate the overall effect of pedagogical strategies on student learning of key biomechanical concepts in the introductory biomechanics course.     

Understanding and altering aggression

Summary Aggression in children is precipitated by a variety of events. Because of this, it is difficult to develop a neat, orderly plan to prevent and control aggression. Rather, the preceding strategies have been suggested because they are generally effective in altering behavior in the classroom. Teachers who use these suggestions will help children develop more appropriate ways of interacting and will feel more competent in their role.     

Supporting the development of shy children

Shyness is a fairly common emotion among children and adults and continues to receive considerable attention from teachers, parents, and researchers. A self-study of 5,000 people indicated that 80% reported being shy at some point in their life (Zimbardo, 1977). More recent research (Kagan, 1989) suggests that approximately 15% of all children are born with a predisposition to be shy.Janis Bullock is Assistant Professor of Early Childhood Education in the Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.