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291.
Jay Gilbert Ph.D. 《Innovative Higher Education》1976,1(1):25-32
Contract learning provides an effective way to structure the learning process to address individual educational needs. This learning method has now been applied successfully across a broad range of fields and levels within undergraduate education. In this paper the method is described, and the educational advantages of its use are examined. The role of the faculty member using learning contracts is discussed, and the applicability of the method to various student audiences is suggested. With the contract learning method students become interested and eager, since the learning process can truly be tailored to their individual needs. 相似文献
292.
We conducted four experiments in order to investigate whether pigeons' responses to a recently attended (i.e., recently pecked)
location are inhibited. In Experiments 1 and 2, stimulus displays were similar to those used in studies of inhibition of return
(IOR) with humans; responses to cued targets tended to be facilitated rather than inhibited. In Experiments 3 and 4, birds
were presented with stimulus displays that mimicked clusters of small grains and were relatively localized, which should have
been more appropriate for detecting IOR in pigeons. The results from these experiments again provided evidence for facilitation
of responding to cued targets, rather than for IOR. 相似文献
293.
Jay Buzhardt Charles R. Greenwood Mary Abbott Yolanda Tapia 《Educational technology research and development : ETR & D》2006,54(5):467-492
Few evidence-based instructional practices achieve large-scale use, often remaining only in the schools directly involved
in their development. Research on scaling up effective educational practice often lacks sensitive measures of the practice's
implementation and the required research protocol. This article describes how we used rate of implementation as a sensitive
measure to help identify barriers to implementation of class-wide peer tutoring (CWPT). Using communication technologies and
a learning management system, we monitored the rate of CWPT implementation and its research protocol across nine schools in
five states. Rate of implementation was defined as the number of weeks in which a school successfully completed the 12 implementation
tasks required to reach full implementation. We discuss factors related to the variation in implementation rate (30-50 weeks)
between schools, and implications of this measurement strategy for research on instructional practices and the technology
used to facilitate scalability research. 相似文献
294.
The Occupational Therapy department at the University of the Witwatersrand in South Africa is responsible for ensuring students achieve psychomotor skill proficiency, as it is an essential component of health care practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether the introduction of opportunities to afford self-evaluation better prepared students for psychomotor skill performance during clinical fieldwork. A quantitative analytical longitudinal design was used with a sample of second-year BSc occupational therapy students from 2007–2010. Self-assessment opportunities were introduced to students in 2009, enabling the comparisons of students’ performance based on Fitts and Posner’s motor skills learning theory. The results indicated that the pre-intervention group demonstrated poor psychomotor skill ability compared to the intervention group, concluding that students require deliberate opportunities to practice self-evaluation skills in their early years of study. 相似文献
295.
Laura M. Steacy Ashley A. Edwards Jay G. Rueckl Yaacov Petscher Donald L. Compton 《Child development》2021,92(3):e252-e269
Developmental studies examining relations between word reading (WR) and decoding in typical and dyslexic populations routinely cut the reading distribution to form distinct groups. However, dichotomizing continuous variables to study development is problematic for multiple reasons. Instead, we modeled and visualized the parallel growth of WR and nonword reading (NWR) factor scores longitudinally in a Grade 1–4 developmental sample (N = 588). The results indicate that while WR and NWR growth factors are highly related (r = .71), the relation between WR and NWR trajectories change as a function of initial WR. Results are interpreted within computational models of dyslexia in which children with dyslexia overfit orthography → phonology relations at the level of the word, limiting the development of sublexical representations needed to read nonwords. 相似文献
296.
Doris B. Chin Kristen P. Blair Rachel C. Wolf Luke D. Conlin Maria Cutumisu Jay Pfaffman 《学习科学杂志》2019,28(3):337-380
Educators aim to equip students with learning strategies they can apply when approaching new problems on their own. Teaching design-thinking strategies may support this goal. A first test would show that the strategies are good for learning and that students spontaneously transfer them beyond classroom instruction. To examine this, we introduce choice-based assessments (CBAs). CBAs measure how people learn when there is minimal guidance and they must make decisions as independent learners. Here, sixth-grade students completed multiple design activities that emphasized either seeking constructive criticism or exploring a space of alternatives. Afterward, they completed the CBAs, which measured strategy transfer. Results showed that lower-achieving students benefitted most from instruction, exhibiting a relative increase in their use of design-thinking strategies. In addition, strategy choices correlated with prior achievement measures and appeared to mediate performance in and learning from the CBAs. The choices to use the two strategies themselves were not correlated, which indicates that they are not subsets of a larger construct, such as growth mindset. In sum, CBAs enabled a double demonstration: design-thinking strategies may improve learning and problem solving, and design-thinking instruction may improve the likelihood of lower-achieving students choosing to use effective strategies in novel settings that require new learning. 相似文献
297.
As the US federal civilian workforce is ‘graying’, knowledge management (KM) can play a critical role in the strategic management of human capital in a government organization. KM should probably be a key pillar of the human capital strategy, along with competency management, performance management, and change management. Even though the need is great for knowledge management in government organizations, many of these agencies do not have a clear vision or strategy as to how to implement KM in their organization. To help those in the federal sector in implementing KM, this paper will discuss components of the knowledge management implementation plan at a leading US government organization (using GOV as the pseudonym) following a KM pyramid framework. 相似文献
298.
299.
Temperament and Parenting Antecedents of Individual Differences in Three-Year-Old Boys' Pride and Shame Reactions 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
To examine individual differences in pride and shame reactions of 3-year-olds and their temperamental and parenting antecedents, 110 boys were studied at ages 36 and 37 months in a "rigged" achievement situation. After being trained to complete explicitly stipulated "easy" and "difficult" tasks before a buzzer sounded, success and failure were manipulated by artificially "rigging" how much time the child had to work on these tasks. Children's facial, verbal, and postural reactions to success and failure were composited to create pride scores following success and shame scores following failure. As expected, pride reactions were greater following success on the difficult than on the easy task, and shame reactions were greater following failure on the easy than on the difficult task. Early temperament (at 12/13 months) proved unrelated to pride and shame. With respect to parenting, measurements composited across 15, 21, 27, and 33 months showed that mothers and fathers who were more positive in their parenting had children who displayed less pride, and that children whose parents (especially mothers) were more negative in their parenting evinced less shame. These counterintuitive findings are discussed in terms of differences between assessments of parenting obtained in this investigation of parenting antecedents and those obtained in other studies of parental responses in the achievement situation itself. Directions for future research are outlined. 相似文献
300.
Pigeons served in two experiments in which responding on an observing key converted a two-component mixed schedule to the corresponding multiple schedule of reinforcement. Presentation of the stimulus correlated with the more valued component was faded out (probabilistically) over sessions, so that ultimately an observing response produced only the stimulus correlated with the less valued component. Observing was well maintained after a fading procedure when a stimulus was produced by a single response, regardless of whether the less valued stimulus was associated with food or with extinction (Experiment 1). However, observing was not well maintained after a fading procedure when a stimulus was produced according to an intermittent schedule (Experiment 2). Taken together, the results of the two experiments suggest that the absence of an exteroceptive stimulus change after a single response may become discriminative in its own right for the more valued component, and that the fading procedure is an effective means of promoting this discrimination. However, if observing responses produce a stimulus change according to an intermittent schedule, then the absence of a stimulus change after a response is correlated with both components. Under these conditions, the absence of stimulus change is not discriminative for either component, even with fading, and observing is not maintained. 相似文献