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21.
Richard Cox Jean Mckendree Richard Tobin John Lee Terry Mayes 《Instructional Science》1999,27(6):431-458
This study examined learning in the domain of sentence parsing and syntax treediagram construction. The aim of the study was to assess whether subjects could learn vicariously from recordings of interactions between a previous student and a tutor.Four intervention conditions and a control condition were compared. Subjects in a dialogue group (DL) read printed tutorial notes and subsequently vicariously viewed dynamic (animated) recordings of tree diagrams being constructed by a previous student in the presence of a tutor.The discourse (DI) condition was similar except that subjects viewed recordings of tree diagrams being constructed by a tutor who concurrently verbalised instructional discourse.In a third condition (DO), subjects viewed tree-diagram construction animation clips which were not annotated with either dialogue or discourse. In a linear text (LT) condition, subjects were given only printed tutorial notes. A control (CO) condition involved pre and post testing without any intervention.Results indicated that the dialogue condition was as effective as the discourse condition. This provides support for contention that re-usable dialogue is a useful resource for the vicarious learner. Another finding was that un-annotated animated diagrams were surprisingly effective. Several reasons for their effectiveness are suggested from the literature on instructional animations. 相似文献
22.
This study used an ecological framework to examine predictors of delinquent behaviors among 91 sixth-grade Latino youth. Both proximal and distal contextual factors were assessed to determine their impact on various forms of delinquency, such as violent behaviors, violent thoughts, substance abuse, and general delinquency (e.g., skipping school). Attitudes toward school, mobility (number of moves to new schools and neighborhoods), and exposure to community violence were distal variables, whereas attachment to parents and attachment to peers were considered more proximal variables. Environmental experiences or exposure to distressing community violence was the strongest predictor of delinquent outcomes. The results were discussed in terms of school officials' developing linkages with the community to promote safe environments for youth. 相似文献
23.
Françoise Cordier Mohamed Es Saidi Jean Cordier 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》1997,12(3):305-314
Privileged (typical, basic-level) representations are cognitive representations in which figurative features play a significant part. We specifically consider studies on the conventional point of view in object perception (Palmer, Rosch, & Chase, 1981). We propose an analysis of solid geometrical problems in the field of typicality theory and more generally in the theoretical field of mental models. Applied to this geometrical domain, the analysis suggests that individual cognitive representations — corresponding with different points of view from which a figure can be seen — are more or less representative examples of the category, that is to say they correspond more or less with the mental model built by the subject in this domain. Task 1 emphasizes the most representative point of view for four solid geometrical figures chosen by the experimenter. Then, we analyse two tasks on each figure from both the typical and non typical points of view. Errors occur most frequently when the geometrical figure is seen from its non typical viewpoints. Particular attention should be paid to this factor in analysing errors made by subjects. 相似文献
24.
Graphs are one of the primary means of exploration and communication in the practice of science, but students in science laboratories are customarily taught only the low-level mechanics of constructing a single kind of graph when given a table of information. The use of a microcomputer can relieve the drudgery of plotting, allowing students to pursue higher-level issues in the design and interpretation of graphs through repeated “thought experiments.” We introduced computer-assisted graphical data analysis to inner-city high school students with weak math and science backgrounds, emphasizing the dynamic manipulation of various kinds of graphs to answer specific questions. Drawing on extensive recordings and classroom observations, we describe examples of the performance of these students on open-ended problem-solving tasks in which graphs can be used to arrive at meaningful answers to applied data analysis problems. 相似文献
25.
Jean S. Hendry 《Learning & behavior》1982,10(4):476-482
The effects of compounding two conditioned stimuli (CSs), each of which had been extinguished to varying degrees in different groups of rats given identical acquisition training, was examined within the conditioned emotional response paradigm. Greater suppression to the compound than to the individual CSs was observed following 6, 12, 48, 72, and 96 stimulus extinction trials, although after only 12 extinction trials suppression to the individual stimuli was no longer observed. The amount of compound suppression decreased progressively as the number of extinction trials increased until, after 120 extinction trials on each stimulus, the compound no longer elicited observable suppression. Control group data indicated that the observed summation effect could not be attributed to disinhibition. The possible role of the summation of undetected excitation in studies examining configurai conditioning, avoidance conditioning and reinstatement is discussed briefly. 相似文献
26.
27.
Cathryn L. Booth Jean F. Kelly Susan J. Spieker Tracy G. Zuckerman 《Early education and development》2003,14(1):83-100
Attachment relationships of toddlers (N = 45) to their child-care providers were investigated. Children's behaviors with their mothers were observed at home at 24 months and with their child-care providers at 26 months. Attachment Q-Sort procedures were used at home (90 items) and in child care (78 items); the latter yielded a 15-item Safe and Secure Scale describing the safe haven and secure base functions of attachment relationships in child care—being able to (a) seek and receive positive attention, (b) feel safe and protected, (c) receive support for exploration, (d) receive consolation when distressed, and (e) seek and accept assistance. Independent observational measures of child-care quality also were obtained at 24 months. As hypothesized, the Safe and Secure Scale was related to proximal rather than distal indicators of child-care quality, and it was a stronger measure than the child-caregiver Q-security score that was based on all 78 items. Child-mother and child-caregiver security were significantly related. 相似文献
28.
Jean E. Wright 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》1980,3(2):125-135
Summary In considering in this paper the origins, development and need for psychosexual counselling to be an integral part of the provision of a counselling service, one must not lose sight of the fact that some higher educational institutions still have no general counselling provision.It is interesting to note that in the UK at a time when the age of consent and voting age were lowered to eighteen years (Family Law Reform Act, 1969, operational 1970 and Representation of the People Act, 1969), and students were rejecting the idea of wardens and academic tutors acting in loco parentis, the National Union of Students (at their annual conference in 1969) passed a resolution pressing for Counselling Services to be established in each higher educational institution-staffed by fully trained personnel, Milner (1974). Nine years later this resolution has not yet been fully implemented.The university community represents a cross-section of the population, any of whom may have a psychosexual problem and seek help from the counselling service. Counsellors must be trained to treat psychosexual problems as part of their normal range of activities.Storr (1960) points out that it is The individual as well as the disease that needs treatment. This applies in counselling as it does in medicine, so that the counsellor should be able to treat the individual as a whole, and at the same time treat his psychosexual problem.University of Reading 相似文献
29.
This paper presents a size reduction method for the inverted file, the most suitable indexing structure for an information retrieval system (IRS). We notice that in an inverted file the document identifiers for a given word are usually clustered. While this clustering property can be used in reducing the size of the inverted file, good compression as well as fast decompression must both be available. In this paper, we present a method that can facilitate coding and decoding processes for interpolative coding using recursion elimination and loop unwinding. We call this method the unique-order interpolative coding. It can calculate the lower and upper bounds of every document identifier for a binary code without using a recursive process, hence the decompression time can be greatly reduced. Moreover, it also can exploit document identifier clustering to compress the inverted file efficiently. Compared with the other well-known compression methods, our method provides fast decoding speed and excellent compression. This method can also be used to support a self-indexing strategy. Therefore our research work in this paper provides a feasible way to build a fast and space-economical IRS. 相似文献
30.