The relationships between the osculating orbital elements for a family of solutions of the general relativistic Schwarzschild problems are developed. These relationships provide a method for evaluating orbital elements in different Schwarzschild coordinate systems without the necessity of fitting to real data every time the system of coordinates is changed. The objectivity of different coordinate systems is discussed. Considerations of orbital motions favor the standard Schwarzschild metric, but the propagation of light signals is more objective in the metric of Painlevé. Because the orbital motions usually dominate the representation of data, the standard Schwarzschild coordinates are the best objective choice for most applications. 相似文献
This is the second part of a review of research on higher education since World War II. Fart I, published in the previous issue of this Journal, examined how research responded to post‐war reconstruction of the later 1940s and the rising community expectations for education of the 1950s and 1960s. In Part II the themes are equality of opportunity and the end of expansion. By the mid‐1960s many researchers were questioning the representativeness of participation in higher education and the nature of the education process. More recently some of the research questions have been reminiscent of the late 1940s, that is, how can the efficiency of higher education be improved. Whereas expansion and optimism characterised the first thirty post‐war years however, the context is now one of reduced resources and some pessimism. 相似文献
The primary aims of this study were twofold: (a) to describe average change in the written narrative performance of second grade students from the fall and spring of the school year and (b) examine patterns of individual growth to test for Matthew effects. Participants included 299 children in second grade. Microstructural measures were derived from students’ written narratives including: number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and accuracy of spelling and grammar. Significant increases in NDW, TNW, and spelling accuracy were evidenced from fall to spring. Students averaged 55 total words in the fall and averaged 69 words in the spring, with a statistically significant increase of 14 words t(299)?=?8.4, p?<?.0001). The variance in TNW from fall to spring increased from Var?=?791 to Var?=?1005, which was a significant increase and the correlation of initial Fall TNW and growth in TNW was also significant (r?=?0.39). Additionally, results from a two-level hierarchical linear model with students nested within teachers indicated that initial level of TNW predicted the change in TNW from fall to spring, with higher levels of initial TNW being related to larger gains in TNW. Significant predictors of Matthew effects included teacher or classroom and free/reduced lunch eligibility. Written personal narrative measures are sensitive to developmental change across a school year. Evidence of Matthew effects in lexical productivity suggests additional support may be warranted to ameliorate gaps in writing achievement.
Mainstreaming the exceptional child necessitates that regular and special teachers work much more closely today than in the past. The most important element for successful mainstreaming is effective communication (Schubert & Glick, 1981). This article describes the collaborative consultation model as one approach to attaining good, effective communication. 相似文献
The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the annual cost of operation including depreciation of movable capital equipment for educating one student in each curriculum of selected community colleges and to show the relationship of costs of vocational-technical curricula to the cost for common baccalaureate oriented curricula.A stratified sample of eight community colleges was drawn from those that had been in operation for at least five years.These data indicate that a majority of the courses offered in highly specialized curricula in both the occupational and baccalaureate categories were more expansive than those courses that were common to a wide variety of curricula.This study supports differential program funding to assure continued development of high quality vocational-technical programs in community colleges. 相似文献
OBJECTIVE: The present study evaluated the association between women's health and physical and sexual abuse suffered before age 18. METHODS: A total of 3,568 randomly sampled insured women ages 18-64 completed a telephone interview to assess history of physical only, sexual only, or both physical and sexual abuse before age 18 (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System); and current health (Short Form-36, Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression, Presence of Symptoms surveys). Adjusted analyses compared the health of women with physical abuse only, sexual abuse only, or physical and sexual abuse to the health of women without these abuse histories. RESULTS: Poorest health status was observed in women with a history of both physical and sexual child abuse compared to women without these abuse histories. In models that adjusted for age and income, women with both abuse types had increased prevalence of depression (prevalence ratio, 2.16), severe depression (PR, 2.84), physical symptoms (PR range, 1.33 for joint pain to 2.78 for nausea/vomiting), fair/poor health (PR, 1.84), and lower SF-36 scores (3.15-5.40 points lower). Women with physical abuse only or sexual abuse only also had higher prevalence of symptoms and lower SF-36 scores but the associations were not as strong. CONCLUSIONS: This study adds to the literature showing a graded association between multiple adverse events in childhood and adult health. 相似文献