Gender and textbooks: Women writers of elementary readers, 1880–1950

Between 1880 and 1950, the role of women as authors of elementary readers flowered and faded. From 1880 to 1915, female authorship dominated. Over the next fifteen years female authorship withstood the challenge of the scientific movement in education. Women’s role as solo authors declined, however, during the Depression, World War II and the postwar years. These changes are explained by the deteriorating environment for female professionalism, changes in the concept of reading expertise, the expanded role of publishers in textbook development, and the differences between men and women in opportunities for graduate study. E. Jennifer is Monaghan a professor in the Department of Educational Services, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York. She is the founder of the History of Reading Special Interest Group of the International Reading Association and author ofA Common Heritage: Noah Webster’s Blue-Back Speller.     

当前体育信息学科的发展与展望

采用文献资料、学科综述、分析预测等方法,对当前国内、外体育信息学科的发展趋势从因特网、数据库、光盘与多媒体等高新技术的开发利用,到学科理论研究与建设进行了论述,从理论和实践两方面探讨了体育信息学科的发展趋势,并指出了当前我国体育信息学科与世界水平的差距.根据未来体育事业发展需要和深化体育科技体制改革的要求,提出了近期我国体育信息学科的发展战略和服务重点,认为信息资源的合理布局和开发利用、建立体育信息网络和多种类型的支撑数据库、开展应用信息和基础理论研究等是当前的主要发展领域.特别是提出了我国体育信息网络建设的布局和方案.论述了体育信息社会化和信息市场的开拓是充分体现信息价值,实现自我支持和自我发展的必经之路.     

Publishing education

This article is an overview of the development of education for publishing programs in the U.S. Information and addresses for the main introductory summer programs, the continuing education programs, the degree-granting Masters Programs, and a selection of organizations outside the United States offering courses in publishing are included in the article.     

Standard Error of Measurement

The standard error of measurement (SEM) is the standard deviation of errors of measurement that are associated with test scores from a particular group of examinees. When used to calculate confidence bands around obtained test scores, it can be helpful in expressing the unreliability of individual test scores in an understandable way. Score bands can also be used to interpret intraindividual and interindividual score differences. Interpreters should be wary of over-interpretation when using approximations for correctly calculated score bands. It is recommended that SEMs at various score levels be used in calculating score bands rather than a single SEM value.