The Most Important Thing: Students with Reading and Writing Difficulties Talk About their Experiences of Teachers' Treatment and Guidance

Dyslexia is a well-known phenomenon and help and assistance are offered to pupils and students who experience literacy difficulties on a regular basis. But what help do they need and want? In this article the responses people with reading and writing difficulties/dyslexia give to this question are discussed. What, if we take the student's own viewpoint, is the most important thing the teacher can do? The students never mention any particular teaching methods. What appears as important to them is that the teacher sees them as individuals, not just as dyslectics, understands the special difficulties with which each individual must grapple, and provides the students with suitable tools for their learning as well as necessary time and space.     

Scaffold instruction at the workplace from a situated perspective

This article proposes the need to address scaffold instructions from a situated learning perspective. Based on an empirical study of how apprentice bakers learn their trade, it is claimed that studies of learning at the workplace yield important insights into our understanding of scaffold instructions. Seen from the perspective of the apprentices, scaffold instruction represents access to more responsibility in practice, it supports their identities as future bakers and they learn bodily know-how. When scaffold instruction failed, it was often in relation to situations where the apprentices were placed in marginal positions in the community of practice or in relation to a central workplace situation.     

Changes in BSc Business Administration and Psychology students’ learning styles over one,two and three years of study

Knowledge on general or discipline-specific changes in the learning styles of university students can be utilised in the design and execution of courses, but little is known of such changes. The study examined the changes in the learning styles of three year groups of BSc Business Administration and Psychology students from admittance to one, two and three years later for the three year groups respectively. Learning styles were measured using the Danish Self-Assessment Learning Styles Inventory, which is an adaptation of Sternberg's MSG Thinking Styles Inventory within the theory of mental self-government. The Hierarchic and Oligarchic learning styles decreased significantly for all three year groups. The Judicial learning style increased significantly for the year groups who had studied for two and three years. The Global learning style increased significantly for the year group who had studied for one year. The findings are discussed in relation to comparable research.     

Ecology in a walled city: researching urban wildlife in post-war Berlin

The division of Berlin in the aftermath of World War II and the erection of the Wall in 1961 were not only of tremendous political, social and cultural significance, but also had implications for the way in which science was undertaken in this city. For ecologists living and working in the enclosed city part of West Berlin, the lack of accessible countryside motivated them to focus their fieldwork increasingly on urban sites and, thereby, to engage themselves in one of the most significant attempts to develop an ecology of the city.     

Editorial

Science &; Education -     

Kollektionsunterstützung für SQL:1999

Zusammenfassung. Kollektionen wie Mengen, Listen und Felder spielen in objektorientierten Anwendungen und Datenbanken eine wichtige Rolle. Dementsprechend sollten sie zusammen mit anderen objektrelationalen Konzepten auch in die aktuelle Datenbanknorm SQL:1999 eingebracht werden. Aus Aufwands- und Zeitgründen wurden jedoch vom Normungsgremium, zu dem auch die Vertreter wichtiger Hersteller kommerzieller (objekt-)relationaler Datenbankmanagementsysteme gehören, zunächst nur Felder (Arrays) berücksichtigt; andere Kollektionsarten sollen erst später folgen. Auch in wichtigen DBMS-Produkten werden Kollektionen bislang nur unzureichend und auf heterogene Art und Weise unterstützt. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten einer Ergänzung von SQL:1999 um wichtige Kollektionsarten. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Stand von Norm und Produkten werden prinzipielle Fragen der Integration in SQL diskutiert und die Grundlagen einer adäquaten Unterstützung von Kollektionen erörtert. Der formale Sprachvorschlag auf Basis von SQL:1999 kann hier aus Platzgründen nicht näher vorgestellt werden, einige Beispiele sollen aber die Anwendung der neuen Modellierungsmöglichkeiten verdeutlichen. Eingegangen am 15. Februar 2002/Angenommen am 10. September 2002CR Subject Classification H.2.1, H.2.3, H.2.4, D.3.3     

The role of community in the development of elite handball and football players in Denmark

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the place of early development in a sample of Danish male elite and youth handball and football players. The sample included 366 handball and football players from the elite Danish league in the season 2011–2012 and a comparison sample of youth players under the age of 12 from 2003, including 147,221 football and 26,290 handball players. Odds ratio analysis showed that both population size and density significantly affected the proportional number of youth players per community and the odds of athletes reaching an elite level in football and handball. The odds for youth player registrations in both handball and football increased in rural in contrast to urban communities. However, elite football players primarily came from communities of high density (>1000 pop./km²), whereas elite handball players primarily came from less densely populated communities (100 to <250 pop./km²). Furthermore, there seems to be a relation between representation of elite and talent clubs in different communities and the probability of becoming an elite player in both sports. The limited number of elite players in both sports from rural communities may be due to national talent development strategies that do not incorporate development support for clubs in rural areas. Additionally, the results of the study clearly suggest the need to include the youth player population to advance research findings in birthplace effect studies.     

Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review

This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on the relationship between loneliness and physical activity (PA). A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all empirical studies assessing this relationship. A total of 37 studies stemming from 36 publications met the inclusion criteria. Study analyses comprised an individual consideration of each study and a systematic summarization of the studies. The majority of eligible studies focused on adolescent or elderly populations. Direct negative associations between PA and loneliness were found in half of the 24 cross-sectional studies. Of the seven identified longitudinal studies, one found a direct negative influence of PA on loneliness. Four longitudinal studies found evidence for a reverse influence, namely of loneliness on PA. Five intervention studies found PA to reduce loneliness. Two of the cross-sectional studies and one of the intervention studies found social support and social competence to moderate or to mediate the relationship between PA and loneliness. The findings indicate that PA can contribute to a decrease in loneliness. However, studies also indicate that any beneficial effect is dependent upon the quality of relationships present during physical activity. Additionally, loneliness itself might reduce the probability of being physically active.