Spannungsfeld Polyvalenz in der Lehrerbildung

The Bologna Process of higher education reform has led to a vast array of different programs of study in German teacher training. In this article, we firstly analyze the implementation of Bachelor programs in teacher training, comparing profession-oriented programs (i.e. those aiming to train students for the teaching profession from the beginning of studies) to polyvalent programs (i.e. those aiming at broad qualifications and including a late decision to become a teacher). Secondly, we investigate whether students enrolled in these study programs differ systematically in their subjective certainty about their career choice. To answer these questions, we analyze portfolios of documents related to teacher training programs from nine German universities that prepare students for teaching in the academic track. Additionally, we analyze data from N?=?2585 Bachelor and N?=?928 Master degree students. We found that most programs, even when they espouse polyvalence, require an early decision to become a teacher. Moreover, our data confirm findings from earlier studies indicating that student teachers are highly certain about their career choice from the very beginning, with students in polyvalent programs being slightly less certain than those in profession-oriented programs (d?=?0.32).     

Comprehensive Object-Oriented Learning – An Introduction

With the proliferation of personal computers in the home and in the workplace, there is an ever increasing demand for the integration of computers into the curricula of educational institutions. Invariably, the approach taken to satisfying such demands involves the training of the current staff of educators in the use of personal computers as both a teaching and a research and administrative tool. This article will look at the educator's anxiety prior to training on the computer, and the changes in attitude brought about by continuous exposure to the computer in a classroom setting.     

Physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing in relation to physical capacity: effect of intense intermittent exercise training

To examine the activity profile and physiological demands of top-class soccer refereeing, we performed computerized time-motion analyses and measured the heart rate and blood lactate concentration of 27 referees during 43 competitive matches in the two top Danish leagues. To relate match performance to physical capacity and training, several physiological tests were performed before and after intermittent exercise training. Total distance covered was 10.07 - 0.13 km (mean - s x ), of which 1.67 - 0.08 km was high-intensity running. High-intensity running and backwards running decreased (P ? 0.05) in the second half. Mean heart rate was 162 - 2 beats· min -1 (85 - 1% of maximal heart rate) and the mean blood lactate concentration was 4.9 - 0.3 (range 1.7-14.0) mmol·l -1 . The amount of high-intensity running during a match was related to the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test ( r 2 = 0.57; P ? 0.05) and the 12 min run ( r 2 = 0.21; P ? 0.05). After intermittent training ( n = 8), distance covered during high-intensity running was greater (2.06 - 0.13 vs 1.69 - 0.08 km; P ? 0.05) and mean heart rate was lower (159 - 1 vs 164 - 2 beats· min -1 ; P ? 0.05) than before training. The results of the present study demonstrate that: (1) top-class soccer referees have significant aerobic energy expenditure throughout a game and episodes of considerable anaerobic energy turnover; (2) the ability to perform high-intensity running is reduced towards the end of matches; (3) the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test can be used to evaluate referees' match performance; and (4) intense intermittent exercise training improves referees' performance capacity during a game.     

Kollektionsunterstützung für SQL:1999

Zusammenfassung. Kollektionen wie Mengen, Listen und Felder spielen in objektorientierten Anwendungen und Datenbanken eine wichtige Rolle. Dementsprechend sollten sie zusammen mit anderen objektrelationalen Konzepten auch in die aktuelle Datenbanknorm SQL:1999 eingebracht werden. Aus Aufwands- und Zeitgründen wurden jedoch vom Normungsgremium, zu dem auch die Vertreter wichtiger Hersteller kommerzieller (objekt-)relationaler Datenbankmanagementsysteme gehören, zunächst nur Felder (Arrays) berücksichtigt; andere Kollektionsarten sollen erst später folgen. Auch in wichtigen DBMS-Produkten werden Kollektionen bislang nur unzureichend und auf heterogene Art und Weise unterstützt. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den Möglichkeiten einer Ergänzung von SQL:1999 um wichtige Kollektionsarten. Basierend auf dem aktuellen Stand von Norm und Produkten werden prinzipielle Fragen der Integration in SQL diskutiert und die Grundlagen einer adäquaten Unterstützung von Kollektionen erörtert. Der formale Sprachvorschlag auf Basis von SQL:1999 kann hier aus Platzgründen nicht näher vorgestellt werden, einige Beispiele sollen aber die Anwendung der neuen Modellierungsmöglichkeiten verdeutlichen. Eingegangen am 15. Februar 2002/Angenommen am 10. September 2002CR Subject Classification H.2.1, H.2.3, H.2.4, D.3.3     

Loneliness and physical activity: A systematic review

This article aims to provide an overview of the current state of research on the relationship between loneliness and physical activity (PA). A systematic literature search was conducted to identify all empirical studies assessing this relationship. A total of 37 studies stemming from 36 publications met the inclusion criteria. Study analyses comprised an individual consideration of each study and a systematic summarization of the studies. The majority of eligible studies focused on adolescent or elderly populations. Direct negative associations between PA and loneliness were found in half of the 24 cross-sectional studies. Of the seven identified longitudinal studies, one found a direct negative influence of PA on loneliness. Four longitudinal studies found evidence for a reverse influence, namely of loneliness on PA. Five intervention studies found PA to reduce loneliness. Two of the cross-sectional studies and one of the intervention studies found social support and social competence to moderate or to mediate the relationship between PA and loneliness. The findings indicate that PA can contribute to a decrease in loneliness. However, studies also indicate that any beneficial effect is dependent upon the quality of relationships present during physical activity. Additionally, loneliness itself might reduce the probability of being physically active.     

Incongruities as a source of organizational renewal in corporate management of R&D

The heydays of the central R&D laboratory as the ‘dominant design’ of corporate R&D in large technology-intensive companies is over. The last decades have witnessed not only downsizing of central R&D, but also ongoing experimentation and restructuring of the modes of managing corporate R&D. What is the logic behind these ongoing restructurings? The paper argues that different kinds of organizational incongruities constitute critical sources of change in the organization of R&D. The paper seeks to align a contingency and an evolutionary perspective in analyzing two Danish technology-intensive companies characterized by highly different organizational trajectories.     

Model-based testing with UML applied to a roaming algorithm for Bluetooth devices

INTRODUCTION The Unified Modeling Language (UML)(Eriksson, 2003) is a visual language supporting thedesign and development of complex object-orientedsystems. While UML models focus primarily on thedefinition of system structure and behavior, theyprovide only limited means for describing test ob-jectives and test procedures. Furthermore, thegrowing system complexity increases the need forsolid testing. Thus, in 2001, the Object Manage-ment Group issued a Request for Proposal (U…