THE MULTI─ASSOCIATION MODEL OF THE ESR─ACIDITY SENSITIVE FREE RADICAL：A THEORETICAL STUDY

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Comparisons of Three Empirical Methods for Partial Factorial Invariance: Forward,Backward, and Factor-Ratio Tests

When factorial invariance is violated, a possible first step in locating the source of violation(s) might be to pursue partial factorial invariance (PFI). Two commonly used methods for PFI are sequential use of the modification index (backward MI method) and the factor-ratio test. In this study, we propose a simple forward method using the confidence interval (forward CI method). We compare the performances of the aforementioned 3 methods under various simulated PFI conditions. Results indicate that the forward CI method using 99% CIs has the highest perfect recovery rates and the lowest Type I error rates. A performance that is competitive with this is that produced by the backward method with the more conservative criterion (MI = 6.635). Consistently delivering the poorest performance, regardless of the chosen confidence level, was the factor-ratio test. Also discussed are the work’s contribution, implications, and limitations.     

韩国消费者对中国冰箱选择的研究

本研究以首尔(Seoul)的MBA学生为对象,实证分析了中国的国家形象、中国冰箱的功能属性和品牌个性对于韩国消费者的中国冰箱选择具有什么影响。结果表明,韩国消费者考虑购买中国冰箱时,除了国家形象、功能属性以外还受到品牌个性因素的影响。本研究指出了进入韩国的中国企业应开发与国家形象有关的、有个性的品牌产品,即品牌个性会提高品牌知名度,增加企业信赖度,从而成为韩国市场上更受欢迎的品牌,也将为有效的品牌市场导向提供产品差别化,这样可以使中国企业在竞争中获得优势。     

Microfluidic sample preparation for respiratory virus detection: A review

Techniques used to prepare clinical samples have been perfected for use in diagnostic testing in a variety of clinical situations, e.g., to extract, concentrate, and purify respiratory virus particles. These techniques offer a high level of purity and concentration of target samples but require significant equipment and highly trained personnel to conduct, which is difficult to achieve in resource-limited environments where rapid testing and diagnostics are crucial for proper handling of respiratory viruses. Microfluidics has popularly been utilized toward rapid virus detection in resource-limited environments, where most devices focused on detection rather than sample preparation. Initial microfluidic prototypes have been hindered by their reliance on several off-chip preprocessing steps and external laboratory equipment. Recently, sample preparation methods have also been incorporated into microfluidics to conduct the virus detection in an all-in-one, automated manner. Extraction, concentration, and purification of viruses have been demonstrated in smaller volumes of samples and reagents, with no need for specialized training or complex machinery. Recent devices show the ability to function independently and efficiently to provide rapid, automated sample preparation as well as the detection of viral samples with high efficiency. In this review, methods of microfluidic sample preparation for the isolation and purification of viral samples are discussed, limitations of current systems are summarized, and potential advances are identified.     

Learning to Value Mathematics and Reading: Relations to Mastery and Performance-Oriented Instructional Practices

Changes in students' achievement values in mathematics and reading were examined in a sample of children and early adolescents. Hierarchical linear modeling techniques were used to account for both classroom- and student-level effects. At the student level, positive changes in students' achievement values were associated positively with self-concept of ability and the previous year's achievement values in both reading and math. Measures of teachers' mastery- and performance-oriented instructional practices were included in the full HLM model. Students experienced decrements in achievement values, after controlling for other student and classroom-level variables, in classrooms where performance-oriented instructional practices were used. In the full model, self-concept of ability was related positively to increases in achievement values, whereas gender was unrelated to changes in achievement values. Copyright 2001 Academic Press.     

试论东北方言词大热的原因

随着赵本山、黄宏等东北演员的崛起,《刘老根》、《马大帅》、《乡村爱情》等东北电视剧的热播,《同桌的你》、《不差钱》等东北小品的广受欢迎,以及《东北人都是活雷锋》等东北歌曲的高度传唱,东北方言呈现出其大热的趋势。本文通过收集资料,采用比较归纳的方法来着重探讨东北方言大热的原因,并加入了前人未探讨的角度不仅从东北方言的自身魅力加以探讨,更是从外在的传播媒介来进行分析,让人们更加清晰明确地了解东北方言的流行原因。     

Communication apprehension in a first language and self‐perceived competence as predictors of communication apprehension in a second language: A study of speakers of English as a second language

This study addresses the communication apprehension of the non‐native English speaker in the U.S. Previous studies which have examined the implications of communication apprehension (CA) for bilingual, non‐native communicators have generated results which indicate that trait‐like CA is consistent across first and second language‐speaking situations. However, none of these studies have probed the cause of the cross‐linguistic consistency of CA. This research is designed to provide a scientific explanation for the etiology of CA by applying the communibiological paradigm to CA theory and research. By selecting the situational constraints of international students, this study tests a theory based on proposition 4 of the communibiological paradigm (Beatty & McCroskey w/Valencic, 2001, p. 128): “Environment or ‘situation’ has only a negligible effect on interpersonal behavior.” The results of this study replicate the strong relationship previously observed between CA in a first language and CA in a second language. It also found that the genetic markers employed (Eysenck's Big 3 temperament variables) predicted first and second language CA approximately equally. The results indicate that, although both first and second languages are learned, the CA associated with them most likely is not.