Transfer of a Listening Comprehension Strategy to Independent Reading in First-Grade Students

Instruction in narrative text structure on first graders' listening and reading comprehension was examined with a view to documenting strategy instruction and transfer of learning in beginning readers. Of interest was whether or not first-grade students (n=35) would, following instruction within the context of listening to stories, gain in listening comprehension and transfer this knowledge to support reading comprehension. A comparison group (n=31) received basal activities including listening to and reading stories. Results support teaching text structure concepts to beginning readers. At post-test, the intervention group demonstrated significantly higher listening comprehension, but not free recall, than the comparison group. Persistent group differences were found for reading comprehension. Intervention group students demonstrated superior comprehension in relation to all story elements and more frequently displayed metalinguistic awareness of text structure by labeling and giving examples of story structure concepts.     

From Implementation to Efficacy: Factors Affecting Kenyan Secondary Teachers’ Technology Integration

Teaching is a complex practice that requires teachers to draw upon their content knowledge, pedagogical approaches and strategies, and knowledge about learners in order to support learning. Integrating technology into the teaching and learning practice of a classroom is a strategy that many teachers are drawing upon. This article reports on the initial findings on information communication technology (ICT) implementation in Kenyan secondary schools and discusses factors affecting effective technology integration. The study used questionnaire and classroom observation data to examine what types of ICTs for education are available in secondary schools in Kenya and what training teachers have had in using ICTs for education; teachers’ perspectives regarding the role of ICT in teaching and learning; and what factors might influence ICT integration in teaching and learning in public secondary schools in Kenya. The study found that while few teachers are integrating ICT into their teaching and learning, many teachers are implementing ICT in their teaching.     

Test Design with Cognition in Mind

One of the primary themes of the National Research Council's 2001 book Knowing What Students Know was the importance of cognition as a component of assessment design and measurement theory ( NRC, 2001 ). One reaction to the book has been an increased use of sophisticated statistical methods to model cognitive information available in test data. However, the application of these cognitive-psychometric methods is fruitless if the tests to which they are applied lack a formal cognitive structure. If assessments are to provide meaningful information about student ability, then cognition must be incorporated into the test development process much earlier than in data analysis. This paper reviews recent advancements in cognitively-based test development and validation, and suggests various ways practitioners can incorporate similar methods into their own work.     

Advancing integrated STEM learning through engineering design: Sixth-grade students’ design and construction of earthquake resistant buildings

ABSTRACT

As part of a 3-year longitudinal study, 136 sixth-grade students completed an engineering-based problem on earthquakes involving integrated STEM learning. Students employed engineering design processes and STEM disciplinary knowledge to plan, sketch, then construct a building designed to withstand earthquake damage, taking into account a number of constraints. On testing, students redesigned to build an improved structure. Using a framework of design processes, we report on the students' capabilities in planning, creating annotated sketches, and transforming these into 3D models. An understanding of core STEM concepts was apparent in their responses, including shape properties, stability, rigidity, balance, strength, and engineering techniques. Group problem solving involved moving iteratively between design phases, frequently revisiting problem scoping, being cognizant of the problem goal, boundaries and constraints, and appreciating design sketches as guiding constructions. Students were also observed to consider a number of problem components simultaneously, indicating their capabilities in handling the complexity of the task.     

Steps for Applying the Complex Dynamical Systems Approach in Educational Research: A Guide for the Perplexed Scholar

Abstract

In this commentary, we propose a framework for applying the Complex Dynamical Systems (CDS) approach in educational research. Drawing on the conceptual articles in the special issue for ontological, theoretical, and methodological principles, and on the empirical articles for examples of these principles’ application, we suggest six interdependent steps for researchers who seek to pursue educational research from the CDS approach: (1) Conceptualizing the phenomenon as a CDS; (2) Defining a theory of the relevant CDS level; (3) Generating a CDS research goal and question; (4) Selecting a CDS corresponding methodology for data collection and analysis; (5) Interpreting the findings as a CDS; and (6) Disseminating the knowledge to relevant audiences and participating in a CDS scholarly community. We end the commentary with several of the promises and challenges of applying the CDS approach in educational research.     

Mathematical knowledge for teaching teachers: knowledge used and developed by mathematics teacher educators in learning to teach via problem solving

In this study, we report on what types of mathematical knowledge for teaching teachers (MKTT) mathematics teacher educators (MTEs) use and develop when they work together and reflect on their teaching in a Community of Practice while helping prospective primary teachers (PTs) generate their own mathematical knowledge for teaching in learning mathematics via problem solving. Two novice MTEs worked with an experienced MTE and reflected on the process of learning to teach via problem solving and supporting PTs in developing deep understandings of foundational mathematical ideas. Taking a position of inquiry as stance, we examined our experiences teaching mathematics content courses for PTs via problem solving. We found that all of the MTEs used and developed some MKTT through (a) understanding and deciding on the mathematical goals of both the individual lessons and the two-course sequence as a whole, (b) choosing and facilitating tasks, and (c) using questions to scaffold PTs learning and engage them in mathematical processes such as making conjectures, justifying their reasoning, and proving or disproving conjectures.     

Computerised baseline assessment of literacy

In a study using the literacy module from CoPS Baseline, a computerised assessment system, 153 children were assessed at an average age of 4 years 10 months, and progress in reading was followed up 12 months later. The results indicated that the computerised baseline assessment module produced a satisfactory distribution of scores across the intended age range, and the shorter adaptive form of the baseline test correlated highly (r = 0.81) with the full form. Baseline scores gave a good overall prediction of reading development over the first year of schooling (r = 0.74), regardless of the child’s age. Correlations between the 8 skill/concept areas that comprise the baseline assessment and reading ability 12 months later were consistent with other findings reported in the literature. It was concluded that the objectivity that characterises computerised assessment could provide a more consistent and dependable approach to baseline assessment.     

What Happens When Learning Takes Place?

When asked "What happens when learning takes place?" most people, including those involved in education, find it difficult to provide a satisfactory answer. Nevertheless, assumptions about what happens have a bearing on what we (as learners, educators, researchers, and policy-makers) do, and on our answers to other questions about learning, teaching, and education. The paper addresses the title question on the basis of an analysis of the logic of learning. The approach is philosophical rather than physiological or sociological, and draws on the work of Karl Popper. The outcome is a radical, universally applicable theory which identifies a set of features common to all processes in which learning can be said to take place. The theory has significant implications for educational policy and practice: it draws attention to factors which inhibit learning and is suggestive of ways in which learning can be promoted.