History of Computers and Computing

JOHN VON NEUMANN AND THE ORIGINS OF MODERN COMPUTING by William Aspray (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990—$35.00, ISBN 0-262-01121-2, 376 pp.)

A HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING edited by Stephen G. Nash (New York: Association for Computing Machinery [ACM) Press; co-published by Addison-Wesley, 1990—price not given, ISBN 0-201-50814-1, 359 pp.)

GLORY AND FAILURE: THE DIFFERENCE ENGINES OF JOHANN MULLER, CHARLES BABBAGE AND EDVARD SCHEUTZ by Michael Lindgren, translated by Craig G. McKay (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1990—$45.00, ISBN 0-262-12146-8, 414 pp.)

IBM'S 360 AND EARLY 370 SYSTEMS by Emerson W. Pugh, Lyle R. Johnson, and John H. Palmer (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1991—$37.50, ISBN 0-262-16123-0, 819 pp.)     

The Subtleties of Blatant Sexism

This essay examines The Man Show as a contemporary example of blatant sexism. A growing body of feminist criticism documents the emergence of subtle forms of sexism in popular culture. Such forms may be characterized as an accommodation or hegemonic negotiation in which dominant discourses must become flexible in the face of pressure from oppressed groups. Yet blatant sexism abounds in contemporary culture. I argue that The Man Show provides viewers with rhetorical resources to imagine their viewing practices as an act of protest against an imagined dominant female authority, and that those resources potentially allow viewers to accept the sexism of the program at face value.     

A model for understanding and affecting cancer genetics information seeking

Health-related topics are relevant to a diverse array of people, which makes health information seeking a rich area in which to study how people look for information and to create interventions to aid in their searches. Cancer genetics is an important health context because information acquisition can positively impact an individual's morbidity and mortality while also affecting an individual's family network. However, this new field of research has created a complex information environment that is constantly evolving. Traditional methods of providing content through mass communication campaigns cannot keep pace. What is needed is a strategy that does not rely on perishable content, but instead helps people gain lifelong skills to find and assess cancer genetic information on their own. This article reviews the tenets of cancer information seeking—highlighting the growing public interest in genetics—and discusses how the burden of seeking health information has shifted to the patient. The authors introduce GENIS² (Genetic Information-Seeking Skills), which is an intervention framework for helping people build cancer genetic information-seeking skills that will be useful throughout their lives. GENIS² is based on the Comprehensive Model of Information Seeking (CMIS), which explores people's information-seeking actions by looking at the role played by demographics, experience, salience, and beliefs, as well as the information fields in which people exist. The CMIS is outlined and its stages are used to elucidate what kinds of cancer genetic information people are looking for in different situational contexts. The CMIS is also used as the framework for creating intervention strategies that information professionals can use to help coach people toward being more self-efficacious information seekers.     

The effect of Twitter posts on students’ perceptions of instructor credibility

Greater numbers of instructors are turning to social networking sites to communicate with students. This study examined whether posting social, scholarly, or a combination of social and scholarly information to Twitter has an impact on the perceived credibility of the instructor. Participants were assigned to one of three groups: a group that viewed social tweets, one that viewed scholarly tweets, and one that viewed a combination of social and scholarly tweets. Participants were then asked questions about the instructor’s perceived credibility. Results show that participants who viewed only the social tweets rated the instructor significantly higher in perceived credibility than the group that viewed only the scholarly tweets. No other significant differences were found among the groups. These results have implications for both teaching and learning, as there is an established link between perceived instructor credibility and positive learning outcomes.     

Perceptions of the Trend of Collaborative Publications: Results from a Survey of Criminal Justice and Criminology Department Chairs

Department heads are unique academic positions which can bridge the worlds of faculty and administration. As such, they are sometimes in the unique position where their perceptions and experiences can have real-world impact in the realm of assessing a colleague’s work, tweaking departmental policies of promotion and advancement, and mentoring. While faculty members of all levels have opinions of collaboration, department heads are the leaders who can actually act upon those perceptions, yet these perceptions have not been examined. This study addresses this gap in a survey of Criminal Justice and Criminology department heads (n?=?73). The survey varied authorship order, journal prestige, medium of journal, and also examined co-author prestige. In addition, 12 years of 20 criminal justice journals were coded for solo-authored publications. Results demonstrated differential publication trends between top tier and lower tiered journals, and that department heads attributed these trends as a combination of increasing social research networks and more pragmatic concerns. Of particular interest, is the differential value respondents placed on solo-authored work and collaborative work even when taking into consideration prestige of the journal.     

College Students With High‐Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder: Best Practices for Successful Transition to the World of Work

The transition from college to work is a challenging time for students with autism spectrum disorder. College counselors who understand the challenges students face adjusting to the world of work can position themselves to be change agents for this population. This article illuminates the challenges facing these students to help close the knowledge gap of their career development trajectory. Strategies and best practices to guide these students through successful transition to the world of work are provided.     

题目：利用稻壳灰和人工砂的轻质油棕壳混凝土力学性能的提高

目的：探索稻壳灰和人工砂在轻质油棕壳混凝土中部分替换水泥和细骨料对混凝土力学性能的影响,期望得到力学性能较高的轻质混凝土。方法：1.将不同比例的稻壳灰（5%,10%,15%和20%）替换水泥和100%的人工砂或石粉替换沙子,研究它们对混凝土抗压强度的影响;2.研究不同替换比例的稻壳灰（0和15%）和人工砂（0,50%和100%）对混凝土力学性能的综合影响。结论：1.在15%的稻壳灰替换水泥和100%人工砂替换沙子的情况下,最大抗压强度为51.49 MPa;2.替换比例为15%稻壳灰和100%人工砂的组合表现出最好的力学性能,包括抗压强度、抗拉强度、抗弯强度和杨氏模量。