Sand training: Exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammatory responses to matched-intensity exercise

This study compared markers of muscle damage and inflammation elevated by a matched-intensity interval running session on soft sand and grass surfaces. In a counterbalanced, repeated-measures and crossover design, 10 well-trained female athletes completed 2 interval-based running sessions 1 week apart on either a grass or a sand surface. Exercise heart rate (HR) was fixed at 83–88% of HR maximum. Venous blood samples were collected pre-, post- and 24?h post-exercise, and analysed for myoglobin (Mb) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Perceptual ratings of exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness (DOMS) were recorded immediately post- and 24?h post-exercise. A significant time effect showed that Mb increased from pre- to post-exercise on grass (p?=?.008) but not on sand (p?=?.611). Furthermore, there was a greater relative increase in Mb on grass compared with that on sand (p?=?.026). No differences in CRP were reported between surfaces (p?>?.05). The HR, RPE and DOMS scores were not significantly different between conditions (p > .05). These results suggest that in response to a matched-intensity exercise bout, markers of post-exercise muscle damage may be reduced by running on softer ground surfaces. Such training strategy may be used to minimize musculoskeletal strain while still incurring an equivalent cardiovascular training stimulus.     

竞技体育政策的全球化与重建——从行政控制到网络化管理

简要介绍了自我管理体制的概念,分别说明了系统管理、政策管理、组织管理3种管理方式及其在竞技运动政策领域中的应用。最后思考了英国竞技运动管理体制的某些方面,包括政府为竞技运动发展、高水平竞技运动和学校竞技运动所制订的政策。     

Influence of Motor and Sensory Sets on Reaction Latency and Speed of Discrete Movements

Abstract

College men and women were tested as to reaction time and speed of an arm movement using both motor-oriented and stimulus-oriented set. The results confirmed a hypothesis based on neuromotor coordination theory that predicted slower movement and greater reaction latency when the motor set was used. However, the 20 percent of subjects who had a natural motor set tendency moved faster with an enforced motor set than with an enforced sensory set. The conditions of enforced set caused a moderate positive correlation between reaction and movement times. Women subjects reacted and moved slower than men, but were similarly influenced by the two enforced set conditions. Their natural set tendency was definitely stimulus-oriented, while men tended to have a neutral orientation.     

The failure of the public schools and the free market remedy

A Summary The replacement of the existing system of publicly operated schools by a market of private ones-supported by government vouchers—would probably yield mixed results. On the one hand, some parents would have greater choices among schools and some schools would have to be productive in order to survive in the competitive framework. The increase in consumer choice and the resultant competition among schools would be likely to lead to greater educational benefits for many students and their families (private benefits) than those which they receive under the present monopolistic system.On the other hand, the schools are also expected to fulfill certain social functions. It is in these that a market approach to schooling is likely to yield poor results. For example, basic schooling represents the primary device for equalizing opportunities among racial and social groups. Yet, advantaged children would probably receive far better schooling under the market proposal than would disadvantaged ones, and it is likely that this disparity would lead to larger future inequalities in opportunity between the children of the middle class and those of the poor. Further, it is not clear that a set of largely autonomous schools could provide the common set of values and knowledge necessary for the functioning of a democratic society. Finally, it is likely that the market proposal would increase racial and social stratification of students among schools. Whatever the success of the market in meeting consumer preferences, it would be offset by the market's failure to satisfy the social goals of basic schooling.Fortunately, we are not limited to choosing between the traditional educational bureaucracy on the one hand or an unmitigated free market for educational services on the other. There are several ways to create competition within a public school system. Jencks, Sizer, and Coleman have suggested particular plans based upon the competitive framework, and the proposal for community schools represents a more general framework in which the competition of the market place might be used to advantage. The time is ripe to experiment with at least one of these plans for the children of the ghetto. Do we have any buyers? Henry M. Levin is a research associate with the Economic Studies Division of the Brookings Institute. He has written on economic and educational matters in the Saturday Review, the Journal of Human Resources,and other publications. He is currently organizing a Brookings conference on the community school.     

An experience in teaching English in china by the direct method

Democracy and Mission Education in Korea. By James Earnest Fisher. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, Columbia University, 1928. Pp. xiii +187.

Sir Henry Clinton Maps. By Randolph G. Adams. Ann Arbor: The William Clements Library, 1928. Pp. 144. Price, $1.50.

The Growth of Teachers in Service. By F. L. Whitney. The Century Co., New York, 1927. (Century Education Series.) Pp. xxxix + 308.

Essentials of Civilization. A Study in Social Values. By Thomas Jesse Jones, Educational Director, Phelps‐Stokes Fund. Henry Holt &; Co., 1929. Pp. 264. Price, $2.50.

New Civic Biology. By George William Hunter (Knox College, Galesburg, Ill). New York: American Book Co., 1926. Pp. xii + 448.

Mother Goose Book. By Emma M. Bolenius and Marion G. Kellogg. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1929. Pp. 128. Price, 68 cents.

The Problem Child at Home. By Mary Buell Sayles. New York: The Commonwealth Fund Division of Publications, 1928. Pp. x + 342. Price, $1.50.

Education for World Citizenship. By William G. Carr. Stanford University: Stanford University Press, 1928. Pp. ix + 225. Price, $2.50.

School Building Programs in American Cities. By N. L. Englehaedt. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, 1928. Pp. xxv + 560. Price, $5.

Algebra for Secondary Schools. By Stephen Emery and Eva E. Jeffs. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. xu + 626. Price, $1.85.

Laboratory Experiments in Organic Chemistry. By Roger Adams and John R. Johnson. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 304.

Modern Solid Geometry. By John R. Clark and Arthur S. Otis. Yonkers: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. xix + 323, 461.

Engines. By E. N. DA C. Andrade. New York: Harcourt, Brace &; Co., 1928. Pp. xvi + 267.

Testing Intelligence and Achievement. By Albert J. Levine and Louisa Marks. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. viii + 399. Price, $2.

The Questionnaire in Education. By Leonard V. Koos. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. 178.

Essays of Our Day. Edited by Bertha Evans Ward. New York: D. Appleton &; Co., 1929. Pp. xvi + 412.

The Fundamentals of Quantitative Analysis. By Walter C. Blasdales. New York: D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., 1928. Pp. vi + 403. Price, $3.75.

Short Plays from Great Stories. By Roland English Hartley and Caroline Marguerite Power. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1928. Pp. xiv + 238.

College Algebra. By Bolling H. Crenshaw and Duncan C. Harkin. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Son &; Co., 1929. Pp. xiii + 224. Price, $1.75.

Short Course in Spherical Trigonometry. By Pauline Sperry. Richmond: Johnson Publishing Co., 1928. Pp. xii + 60. Price, $1.

The Child‐Centered School. By Harold Rugg and Ann Shumaker. Yonkers: World Book Co., 1928. Pp. xiv + 359.

The Fundamental Skills of Algebra. By John P. Everett. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1928. Pp. 109.

The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Fourth Yearbook. New York: Bureau of Publications, Teachers College, 1929. Pp. x+ 186.

Capri‐Erinnerungen. By Paul Heyse and August Kopisch. New York: F. S. Crofts &; Co., 1929. Pp. xviii + 163.

The Southwest in Literature. Edited by Mabel Major and Rebecca W. Smith. New York: The Macmillan Co., 1929. Pp. xvii + 370.

Great English Plays. A Panorama of the English Drama from the Fourteenth to the Nineteenth Centuries in a Sequence of Twenty‐six Complete Plays. Edited by H. F. Rubinstein. New York: Harper &; Brothers, 1928. Pp. 1152. Price, $2.50.

Plane Geometry. By Joseph A. Nyberg. New York: American Book Co., 1929. Pp. viii + 292. Price, $1.24.

Two Essays of Lowell. By Tucker Brooke. New York: Henry Holt &; Co., 1927. Pp. xxxi +121.

Teaching Health in Fargo. By Maude A. Brown. New York: The Commonwealth Fund Division of Publications, 1929. Pp. xiv + 142. Price, $1.50.