重新审视西伯利亚美洲人

长久以来,人类学家一直认炎最早的美洲人是史前大游戏猎人的后代.     

Alternative Conceptions in Biology-Related Topics of Integrated Science Teachers and Implications for Teacher Education

This paper reports a study of the alternative conceptions held by junior secondary science teachers enrolled in an in-service teacher training program. The subjects completed a written instrument which probed their understanding of biological concepts in the integrated science curriculum. The subjects, particularly the nonbiology graduates, were found to show serious misunderstanding in concepts concerning diversity of life, photosynthesis and respiration, reproduction, and detecting the environment. This finding supports the assertion that our science teachers, being graduates in specific areas, are inadequately prepared to teach a broad and balanced junior science curriculum. To strengthen the subject matter knowledge and pedagogical skills of prospective and practicing junior science teachers, a number of provisions are suggested for teacher training programs, undergraduate science courses, and school-based activities.     

Perceptions of police-civilian encounters: Intergroup and communication dimensions in the United Arab Emirates and the USA

This study investigates the impact of perceived police accommodation on police–civilian interactions. Elaborating theoretically beyond a range of cross-cultural studies, we examine the cultural impact of accommodative communication in the United Arab Emirates and the USA, as the prior context demonstrates sociocultural parallels and differences including the influence of Sharia law. Between-country comparisons evaluate the mediating role of trust, affect, and intergroup orientation on various civic outcomes. Accommodative communication was the strongest predictor of trust for both nations and demonstrated a direct impact on moral alignment and willingness to help only in the United Arab Emirates.     

Effects of footwear midsole thickness on running biomechanics

Shoe manufacturers launch running shoes with increased (e.g., maximalists) or decreased (e.g., minimalists) midsole thickness and claim that they may prevent running injury. Previous studies tested footwear models with different midsole thicknesses on the market but the shoe construct was not strictly comparable. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effect of midsole thickness, from 1-mm to 29-mm, in a standard test shoe prototype on the vertical loading rates, footstrike angle and temporal spatial parameters in distance runners. Fifteen male habitual rearfoot strikers were recruited from local running clubs. They were asked to run on an instrumented treadmill in shoes with different midsole thicknesses. We found significant interactions between midsole thickness with vertical loading rates (p < 0.001), footstrike angle (p = 0.013), contact time (p < 0.001), cadence (p = 0.003), and stride length (p = 0.004). Specifically, shoes with thinner midsole (1- and 5-mm) significantly increased the vertical loading rates and shortened the contact time, when compared with thicker midsole shoes (25- and 29-mm). However, we did not observe any substantial differences in the footstrike angle, cadence and stride length between other shod conditions. The present study provides biomechanical data regarding the relationship between full spectrum midsole thicknesses and running biomechanics in a group of rearfoot strikers.     

‘“La Choy Chinese Food Swings American?:”’ Korean Immigrant Entrepreneurship and American Orientalism Before World War II

This article traces the early years of La Choy Food Products, a company that pioneered the mass production of Chinese food for home consumption in the early part of the twentieth century in the USA. In particular, this article focuses on how Ilhan New, a Korean immigrant entrepreneur negotiated American Orientalism to carve out an economic niche in the American ethnic food market. Importantly, the story of Ilhan New and the rise of La Choy and its role in assimilating Chinese food for American consumers, demonstrates how Asian immigrants understood and utilized Orientalist discourse to negotiate a "space" that benefited their material experiences. It also reveals how racial understandings structured the economic opportunities of Asian immigrants in the USA before World War II.     

How to quantify the transition phase during golf swing performance: Torsional load affects low back complaints during the transition phase

The transition phase of a golf swing is considered to be a decisive instant required for a powerful swing. However, at the same time, the low back torsional loads during this phase can have a considerable effect on golf-related low back pain (LBP). Previous efforts to quantify the transition phase were hampered by problems with accuracy due to methodological limitations. In this study, vector-coding technique (VCT) method was proposed as a comprehensive methodology to quantify the precise transition phase and examine low back torsional load. Towards this end, transition phases were assessed using three different methods (VCT, lead hand speed and X-factor stretch) and compared; then, low back torsional load during the transition phase was examined. As a result, the importance of accurate transition phase quantification has been documented. The largest torsional loads were observed in healthy professional golfers (10.23 ± 1.69 N · kg^?1), followed by professional golfers with a history of LBP (7.93 ± 1.79 N · kg^?1), healthy amateur golfers (1.79 ± 1.05 N · kg^?1) and amateur golfers with a history of LBP (0.99 ± 0.87 N · kg^?1), which order was equal to that of the transition phase magnitudes of each group. These results indicate the relationship between the transition phase and LBP history and the dependency of the torsional load magnitude on the transition phase.     

Social semantic cloud of tags: semantic model for folksonomies

A growing number of tagging applications have begun to provide users the ability to socialise their own keywords. Tagging, which assigns a set of keywords to resources, has become a powerful way for organising, browsing, and publicly sharing personal collections of resources on the Web. It is called folksonomies. These systems on current social websites, however, have deficiencies in defining tag's meaning, and are often blocked to users in order to reuse, share, and exchange the tags across heterogeneous websites. In this paper, we describe a semantic model for expressing folksonomies in social websites. This model, called Social Semantic Cloud of Tags, aims to provide a consistent format of representing folksonomies and some features in terms of tagging activities. We describe core concepts and relevant properties such as a popularity and usage of tags, along with deduced relationships between tags. We will discuss how this model helps to reduce drawbacks regarding tag sharing between users, applications, or folksonomies.     

Participation in structured STEM-focused out-of-school time programs in secondary school: Linkage to postsecondary STEM aspiration and major

In this paper, we explore how secondary school students' participation in structured, math- and science-focused programs outside of school is associated with the aspiration to, and actual enrollment in, a STEM major in college. Moreover, we examine how varying sociodemographic backgrounds are related to their participation in these programs. Using expectancy-value theory and social cognitive career theory as our conceptual frameworks, we conduct a path analysis based on a nationally representative panel dataset. Results indicate that students who participate in structured science-focused out-of-school programs in eighth grade are more likely to express an aspiration to and choosing a STEM major in college. The intersection of sociodemographic backgrounds further highlights the intricate differences in math-focused programs participation outside of school between Latinx and White adolescents of varying socioeconomic status.