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941.
María José Fernández Díaz Rafael Carballo Santaolalla Arturo Galán González 《Higher Education》2010,60(1):101-118
The main objective of the Bologna Process is to create a “European space” for higher education that allows for comparability,
compatibility, and coherence between the existing systems of higher education across Europe. This objective is commonly known
as the European higher education area (EHEA). The creation of the EHEA is a new and specific challenge for higher education
in Europe, one that depends upon improved faculty development and training across Europe. The integration of Spain and other
European countries into European higher education more generally entails these challenges. In order for necessary changes
in faculty development and training to take place, university managers and policy makers must account for designing training
plans, as well the knowledge, attitudes and needs of faculty members. This investigation was undertaken with these themes
in mind. Conducted in Madrid, Spain, it included 257 professors from ten different schools of the Universidad Complutense
de Madrid. The aim of the investigation was to understand faculty knowledge and attitudes about changes in higher education
in Europe. Moreover, with an eye to helping faculty members cope with the change that is accompanying the creation of EHEA,
the investigators sought to understand the importance that faculty members place upon professional development and how current
approaches to professional development at the university level could be improved. The results indicate a degree of ignorance
regarding changes in European higher education as well as a feeling of resistance on the part of many faculty members. While
many faculty members consider knowledge of change processes and adaptability to be important qualities, faculty responses
also indicate a clear need for guidance if they are going to integrate new learning models and adequate coping strategies
into their work in higher education. 相似文献
942.
Concept mapping is discussed as a means to promote meaningful learning and in particular progress in reading comprehension skills. Its increasing implementation necessitates the acquisition of adequate knowledge about frequent errors in order to make available an effective introduction to the new learning method. To analyse causes of errors, 283 A‐level sixth graders produced concept maps about two differently complex subject matter lessons, we implemented in a pre‐lesson. We defined six types of errors and analysed the distribution and contingency tables in both subject matters. Students in general produced more complex concept maps in the context of the easier subject matter (A) than that of the difficult content (B). Whereas in the former errors simply indicated knowledge gaps, in the latter they often reflected technical misconceptions. The occurrence of a content‐dependent technical error in (B) pointed to a cognitive overload, since the more difficult content is hypothesised to cause higher intrinsic load. From this following, concept mapping could provoke an instructional enrichment by additionally revealing specific knowledge gaps. 相似文献
943.
Marie-Hélène Chayer Thérèse Bouffard 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2010,25(1):125-140
The first objective of this study was to examine the presence of the impostor phenomenon (IP) among 740 students aged 10 to
12 years old. The second objective was twofold: (1) to examine the link between the impostor feelings and the propensity to
use social comparison and (2) to examine whether this feeling is related to the processes of identification with versus contrast
to others who are either doing better or worse than oneself. Results showed that, although generally of low intensity, the
impostor feelings are indeed present in late elementary school children. A positive link between the impostor feelings and
the propensity to use social comparison was also observed. It also appeared that, more than for others, children who feel
like impostors were likely to differentiate themselves from their more capable peers while identifying themselves with less
capable peers. The discussion focuses on the presence of the IP in late elementary children and on how the upward contrast
and the downward identification may contribute to its development and maintenance. 相似文献
944.
Isabel N. Janeiro José Ferreira Marques 《International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance》2010,10(1):35-48
The types of difficulties associated with career attitudes were studied using Super’s model of career maturity (1990) in a group of 620 Portuguese students from grades 9 and 12. A cluster analysis identified four styles with different patterns
of association between time perspective, attributional beliefs, self-esteem and career attitudes. The adaptive style showed
more committed career attitudes, and the other three styles—superficial, insecure and pessimistic—showed lower levels of career
maturity. Implications for career counselling are further discussed. 相似文献
945.
Youssef Tazouti Amélie Malarde Aurélie Michea 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2010,25(1):19-35
The present study examines the relationships between parental beliefs relating to development and education, parenting practices,
and the intellectual and academic performances of children. Data were collected for 128 families with a child in the second
or third year of primary school. Investigations of the factors affecting the children’s performances were carried out using
two models that combined the different study variables. Compliance between the data and the theoretical models was tested
by path analysis, using LISREL software. The results show a good fit between the data and the models and partly confirm the
hypothesis that family educational practices are intermediary variables between parenting beliefs and a child’s intellectual
and academic performances. 相似文献
946.
This study investigated the status of phonological representations in French dyslexic children (DY) compared with reading
level- (RL) and chronological age-matched (CA) controls. We focused on the syllable’s role and on the impact of French linguistic
features. In Experiment 1, we assessed oral discrimination abilities of pairs of syllables that varied as a function of voicing,
mode or place of articulation, or syllable structure. Results suggest that DY children underperform controls with a ‘speed-accuracy’
deficit. However, DY children exhibit some similar processing than those highlighted in controls. As in CA and RL controls,
DY children have difficulties in processing two sounds that only differ in voicing, and preferentially process obstruent rather
than fricative sounds, and more efficiently process CV than CCV syllables. In Experiment 2, we used a modified version of
the Colé, Magnan, and Grainger's (Applied Psycholinguistics 20:507–532, 1999) paradigm. Results show that DY children underperform
CA controls but outperform RL controls. However, as in CA and RL controls, data reveal that DY children are able to use phonological
procedures influenced by initial syllable frequency. Thus, DY children process syllabically high-frequency syllables but phonemically
process low-frequency syllables. They also exhibit lexical and syllable frequency effects. Consequently, results provide evidence
that DY children performances can be accounted for by laborious phonological syllable-based procedures and also degraded phonological
representations. 相似文献
947.
Jennifer Martin Pascale Colé Christel Leuwers Séverine Casalis Michel Zorman Liliane Sprenger-Charolles 《Annals of dyslexia》2010,60(2):238-264
This study investigated the reading and reading-related skills of 15 French-speaking adults with dyslexia, whose performance
was compared with that of chronological-age controls (CA) and reading-level controls (RL). Experiment 1 assessed the efficiency
of their phonological reading-related skills (phonemic awareness, phonological short-term memory, and rapid automatic naming
(RAN)) and experiment 2 assessed the efficiency of their lexical and sublexical (or phonological) reading procedures (reading
aloud of pseudowords and irregular words of different lengths). Experiment 1 revealed that adults with dyslexia exhibited
lower phonological reading-related skills than CAs only, and were better than RL controls on the RAN. In experiment 2, as
compared with RL controls, only a deficit in the sublexical reading procedure was observed. The results of the second experiment
replicated observations from English-language studies but not those of the first experiment. Several hypotheses are discussed
to account for these results, including one related to the transparency of orthographic systems. 相似文献
948.
Orthographic spelling is a major difficulty in German-speaking children with dyslexia. The aim of the present study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of an orthographic spelling training in spelling-disabled students (grade 5 and 6). In study 1,
ten children (treatment group) received 15 individually administered weekly intervention sessions (60 min each). A control
group (n = 4) did not receive any intervention. In study 2, orthographic spelling training was provided to a larger sample consisting
of a treatment group (n = 13) and a delayed treatment control group (n = 14). The main criterion of spelling improvement was analyzed using an integrated dataset from both studies. Repeated-measures
analysis of variance revealed that gains in spelling were significantly greater in the treatment group than in the control
group. Statistical analyses also showed significant improvements in reading (study 1) and in a measure of participants’ knowledge
of orthographic spelling rules (study 2). The findings indicate that an orthographic spelling training enhances reading and
spelling ability as well as orthographic knowledge in spelling-disabled children learning to spell a transparent language
like German. 相似文献
949.
Thomas?ArnoldEmail authorView authors OrcID profile Matthias?Scheutz 《Ethics and Information Technology》2018,20(1):59-69
As a way to address both ominous and ordinary threats of artificial intelligence (AI), researchers have started proposing ways to stop an AI system before it has a chance to escape outside control and cause harm. A so-called “big red button” would enable human operators to interrupt or divert a system while preventing the system from learning that such an intervention is a threat. Though an emergency button for AI seems to make intuitive sense, that approach ultimately concentrates on the point when a system has already “gone rogue” and seeks to obstruct interference. A better approach would be to make ongoing self-evaluation and testing an integral part of a system’s operation, diagnose how the system is in error and to prevent chaos and risk before they start. In this paper, we describe the demands that recent big red button proposals have not addressed, and we offer a preliminary model of an approach that could better meet them. We argue for an ethical core (EC) that consists of a scenario-generation mechanism and a simulation environment that are used to test a system’s decisions in simulated worlds, rather than the real world. This EC would be kept opaque to the system itself: through careful design of memory and the character of the scenario, the system’s algorithms would be prevented from learning about its operation and its function, and ultimately its presence. By monitoring and checking for deviant behavior, we conclude, a continual testing approach will be far more effective, responsive, and vigilant toward a system’s learning and action in the world than an emergency button which one might not get to push in time. 相似文献
950.
Amélie Villéger 《The Journal of High Technology Management Research》2018,29(2):247-255
The “relation to time” refers to the way time is apprehended. Despite calls to further integrate the time variable in family business research, studies remain few and do not compare with other organizational forms. This conceptual study highlights the largely antithetical relation to time of family businesses and start-up companies to deduct proposals in terms of governance, investment, innovation and socioemotional wealth. The discussion looks at the positive and negative impacts of these two types of relation to time and suggests that leaders develop the absorptive capacity of their businesses to enrich their practices with approaches proven in other forms of organizations. 相似文献