A comparison of the anthropometric, strength, endurance and flexibility characteristics of female elite and recreational climbers and non-climbers.

There is limited information on the anthropometry, strength, endurance and flexibility of female rock climbers. The aim of this study was to compare these characteristics in three groups of females: Group 1 comprised 10 elite climbers aged 31.3 +/- 5.0 years (mean +/- s) who had led to a standard of 'hard very severe'; Group 2 consisted of 10 recreational climbers aged 24.1 +/- 4.0 years who had led to a standard of 'severe'; and Group 3 comprised 10 physically active individuals aged 28.5 +/- 5.0 years who had not previously rock-climbed. The tests included finger strength (grip strength, finger strength measured on climbing-specific apparatus), flexibility, bent arm hang and pull-ups. Regression procedures (analysis of covariance) were used to examine the influence of body mass, leg length, height and age. For finger strength, the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values (P < 0.05) than the recreational climbers and non-climbers (four fingers, right hand: elite 321 +/- 18 N, recreational 251 +/- 14 N, non-climbers 256 +/- 15 N; four fingers, left hand: elite 307 +/- 14 N, recreational 248 +/- 12 N, non-climbers 243 +/- 11 N). For grip strength of the right hand, the elite climbers recorded significantly higher values than the recreational climbers only (elite 338 +/- 12 N, recreational 289 +/- 10 N, non-climbers 307 +/- 11 N). The results suggest that elite climbers have greater finger strength than recreational climbers and non-climbers.     

书画鉴定面临的困境和挑战

书画的真伪之争自古就有，唐代张彦远的《法书要录》《历代名画记》等文献中部有关于书画鉴定的记载，可见作假历来就有。鉴定史上见诸文献记载的，例如唐太宗时内官收藏王羲之、王献之的作品，民问所藏二王作品都被地方官员搜刮来献到皇宫内府去，但十有八九是假的，所以唐太宗才要虞世南、褚遂良去作鉴定。民国时甚至还有专业作伪的，如20世纪30年代旧上海有一个叫谭敬的人，居然有一条龙的专业配套作伪，他专门找人模仿印章、题款等等，这些仿手都是他养的，他做张大千的画就是地道的张大干画，做齐白石的画就是地道的齐白石画。     

裁判员在基本体操比赛评分中的心理行为及其调控

通过对裁判员在基本体操比赛评分中各种心理活动的行为分类及分析，提出了基本的管理及调控方法。     

Three Supervision Modalities for Training Marital and Family Counselors

Three supervision modalities (live, delayed review, and verbal reports) in training marital and family counselors are discussed with attention given to goals, supervisory considerations, advantages, and disadvantages of each modality.