Expenditure and revenue problems in central-city school districts: Problems for the 1980s

This paper examines the combination of expenditure and revenue problems that contribute to the financial plight of central-city school districts. Both educational overburden and related overburden are examined, as are expenditure differentials between central-city and other types of districts. Big-city problems in the areas of tax capacity and effort are examined, and the effects of intergovernmental activity on the problems of city school districts are analyzed.     

Second Screening as Convergence in Brazil and the United States

Second screening is widespread worldwide, particularly in younger populations. We analyze a survey of college students in Brazil and the United States to compare second screening frequency, types, platforms, and motivations between the two countries. Despite lower Internet penetration, Brazilians second screen significantly more than Americans, a result of the country’s tradition of interacting with producers of television. In both countries, those who use the interactive affordances of social media are more likely to second screen. As such, we posit this unique audience-driven act works to bridge Web-connected devices and television to create a converged atmosphere.     

The immediate-shock deficit and postshock analgesia: Implications for the relationship between the analgesic CR and UR

Rats received a 3-sec, 1-mA footshock either immediately or 3 min after placement in a chamber. Postshock pain sensitivity was assessed with the formalin test. The animals that received the 3-min delay between placement and shock showed an analgesic response compared with noshock controls. The immediate-shock animals did not. Thus the immediate-shock deficit, previously reported for freezing and defecation, also occurs for analgesia. This suggests that shock levels sufficient to condition analgesia are not necessarily sufficient to produce analgesia as an unconditional response. As with freezing, there is a dissociation between conditional and unconditional responses in the fear-conditioning system. Increasing immediate-shock levels to 6 sec, 2 mA produced a transient unconditional analgesia. For analgesia, a conditional response is more readily produced than an unconditional response.     

Genetics in practice

Conclusion The development of templates such as Genetics in Practice is feasible and presents the potential to be a powerful training tool for online instruction. It is important to keep in mind, however, that use of the tool does not ensure quality case-study development.     

超越技术整合走向技术转换

时至今日,技术对美国基础教育的影响甚微,鉴于此,美国教育部及技术界领导人士近年来力主将技术与学校教学两者予以整合。这场“技术整合”运动主要还是聚焦于如何运用技术来支持当今学校已经采用的各种教学方式。然而,如果我们想要找到技术能够“转换”现有教学方式的新路径,也许应该迈出更大的步伐。     

A comprehensive framework for the assessment of eGovernment projects

The area of electronic government (eGovernment) has received increased prominence and attention over the last few years. In spite of the current developments, many avenues in the area of eGovernment remain unexplored. One such area is the comprehensive assessment of eGovernment projects. We propose that understanding the value of projects drives the assessment process. Assessment of information technology (IT) initiatives is conducted either as an ex-ante (before implementation) or ex-post (after implementation) procedure. In this study, we present an ex-post framework for the assessment of eGovernment projects. Assessment identifies the value of the eGovernment project post-implementation. This paper examines a three-dimensional framework for the assessment of eGovernment initiatives. The three dimensions are eGovernment maturity level, stakeholders, and assessment levels.