通过数码印刷提高投资回报

作为整合营销传播活动的一部分,印刷无疑是最重要的工具之一。在现今丰富的多媒体环境中,很容易就看出这个趋势．而且任何一位营销传播人士都认可这种观点。在高效、整合的传播活动中,印刷已经成为中流砥柱。它是帮助营销人员与消费者建立一对一关系的关键,也是所有传播媒体中最持久、最便捷和最容易获得的。所以,印刷将永远存在。它已经成为推动消费．帮助营销人员获得良好营销投资回报的强大武器。     

Inclusive education in the Netherlands: how funding arrangements and demographic trends relate to dropout and participation rates

There is a global trend towards including children with special needs in mainstream schools instead of placing them in special schools. However, the numbers of students in special schools varies greatly among regions due to variations in educational systems, funding arrangements – and the incentives that are associated with these arrangements – and demographic trends. In the Netherlands, a new policy aimed at inclusive education was introduced in 2014, together with financial measures to equalise funding for students with special needs across the country. The present study explored the effects of this equalisation policy, as well as the demographic trend of population decline, on dropout rates and participation rates in special education (namely, special schools for mainstream education and schools for special education). The data were retrieved from nation-wide registration systems. The results showed that population decline did not affect participation rates in special education, whereas decreases in funding did result in greater declines in participation rates in special education. Moreover, decreases in funding also resulted in higher dropout rates in areas with growing student populations. Although the reform of funding arrangements resulted in lower participation in special education, higher dropout rates might be a cost of this shift towards inclusive education.     

Evaluating strategic periodisation in team sport

The planned peaking for matches or events of perceived greatest priority or difficulty throughout a competitive season is commonplace in high-level team sports. Despite this prevalence in the field, little research exists on the practice. This study aimed to provide a framework for strategic periodisation which team sport organisations can use to evaluate the efficacy of such plans. Data relating to factors potentially influencing the difficulty of matches were obtained for games played in the 2014 Australian Football League season. These included the match location, opposition rank, between-match break and team “form”. Binary logistic regression models were developed to determine the level of association between these factors and match outcome (win/loss). Models were constructed using “fixed” factors available to clubs prior to commencement of the season, and then also “dynamic” factors obtained at monthly intervals throughout the in-season period. The influence of playing away from home on match difficulty became stronger as the season progressed, whilst the opposition rank from the preceding season was the strongest indicator of difficulty across all models. The approaches demonstrated in this paper can be used practically to evaluate both the long- and short-term efficacy of strategic periodisation plans in team sports as well as inform and influence coach programming.     

The Practitioner's Corner

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability -     

Evidence-based retrieval in evidence-based medicine.

OBJECTIVE: Clinical decisions based on a meta-analysis that is based on an ineffective retrieval strategy may have serious negative consequences for patients. The study objective was to investigate the extent to which meta-analyses report proof of their retrieval strategies' effectiveness. METHODS: The authors examined a random sample (n = 100) of articles in the 1996 to 2002 full-text subset of Ovid MEDLINE indexed as "meta-analysis." We classified the articles in three ways: the article (A) reported both a retrieval strategy in sufficient detail (such that it could be repeated) and with evidence of the strategy's effectiveness, (B) reported a retrieval strategy in sufficient detail but not with evidence of the strategy's effectiveness, or (C) neither reported a strategy in detail nor evidence of the strategy's effectiveness. Articles classified as (A) were further classified according to the level of evidence reported. RESULTS: Of the eighty-nine articles in our final analysis, six (6.7%) were classified as category (A), fifty-seven (64%) as (B), and twenty-six (29%) as (C). Articles in category (A) reported a previously validated search, a published strategy, or strategy based on expert opinion. CONCLUSION: Peer-review standards must be developed that require authors of meta-analyses to report evidence for the effectiveness of their retrieval strategies.     

Craig Alternative School: A Case Study in Therapeutic Educational Intervention

Craig Alternative Middle/High School is an academic/therapeutic multi‐categorical exceptional education program for eighty‐five high risk male and female students who, because of their atypical behaviours, have not been successful in a less restrictive educational environment. The staff consisting of teachers, paraprofessionals, psychologists, social workers, probation officers and a psychiatrist, co‐ordinate the students' therapeutic, vocational and academic programs within a day school setting in an attempt to maximize positive behavioural change.     

Interaction of words and nonwordal stimuli in programed sequences of concept-formation tasks

Summary This study suggests that nonwordal sequences can be employed advantageously in teaching certain concepts; trials to criterion, time, and accuracy all favor nonwordal sequences and, in some cases, successive treatment as well. This study indicates the feasibility of replicating aspects of basic concept-formation research in applied subject-matter areas and suggests that terminology from such research is relevant. This study implies that small-group program-development studies which emphasize experimental analysis of behavior can be given an experimental-design emphasis without going to prohibitively high “N’s”; however, results from such a study should be taken as suggestive for more rigorous investigations by others who concentrate on experimental design and comparisons of treatments. Finally, this study demonstrates that research in curriculum design involving the experimental use of new approaches to teaching, stemming from advanced subject-matter frames of reference, can be carried on in conjunction with research in learning; indeed, in the opinion of the investigators, it is unrealistic to separate these dimensions. The need to draft nonwordal stimuli produced a learning sequence which has powerful implications for the teaching of algebra. The research reported herein was supported by a grant from the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.