Application of Generalizability Theory in Estimating the Reliability of a Motor Performance Test

Abstract

This paper discusses the use of generalizability theory, a flexible intraclass approach, for estimating the reliability of a motor performance task. The generalizability technique provides variance component estimates for each factor of an analysis of variance design. These variance estimates can be utilized to define a number of reliability coefficients which are dependent upon the logical or theoretical rationale for assigning variance component estimates as true score or error score variance. The second section of this paper presents a study illustrating the use of generalizability theory in estimating the reliability of a motor performance task. The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of first-ball scores for beginning college bowlers. The facets of the generalizability study were identified as sex of the bowler, trials, and days. Three reliability coefficients, R ₁ (.93), R ₂ (.92), and R ₃ (.84), were computed by assigning the different factors to either true score or error score variance. The performance of beginning college bowlers as measured by first-ball scores is reliable. While the information might be useful for the teacher or researcher who is interested in detecting between-subject differences in coeducational bowling classes, the primary purpose of this paper was to demonstrate the use of generalizability theory to estimate reliability coefficients for a set of motor performance test scores.     

Navigating Two Cultures

We investigated the culture of a responsibility-based physical activity program called Project Effort as well as the school culture of its participants. Five children who had at least one full semester of participation in the program participated in the study. We collected data from participants' individual interviews and observations of their involvement at school and in Project Effort. Findings revealed a distinct incongruence between the participants' perceptions of the atmosphere of the after-school program and school. Although explicitly similar values were emphasized between Project Effort and school, participants suggested these values were distorted between the two settings. For example, the empowerment values in Project Effort (e.g., respect, responsibility) were perceived as a discipline approach in the school setting. Participants' perceptions of cultural differences functioned as a barrier to the transfer of program values to the school context.     

Effect of a Prolonged Altitude Expedition on Glucose Tolerance and Abdominal Fatness

In the present study, we investigated the effect of a long-term mountain expedition on glucose tolerance and insulin action. Twelve registered mountaineers ages 31 years (SD = 1.1) participated in a 25-day expedition at a 2,200-3,800-m altitude with an average duration of 8 hr per day. Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was substantially reduced during hiking. Glucose tolerance and insulin responses were measured prior to and twice during the expedition period. Maximal oxygen consumption increased from 43.0 ± 2.7 to 49.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min. Percentage of body fat decreased from 19.4 ± 6.8% to 16.9 ± 5.9%. The area under the curves for insulin and glucose during the oral glucose tolerance test were also reduced in Days 3 and 25. The present study demonstrated that altitude hiking activity is an effective lifestyle intervention to improve insulin action.     

From Development of Sport to Development through Sport: A Paradigm Shift for Sport Development in South Korea

During the past several decades, South Korea has gained tremendous international recognition by achieving an excellent performance in a variety of international sport competitions and hosting numerous mega-sporting events. Although success in elite sport (i.e. Development of Sport approach) has contributed to making South Korea one of the sport powerhouses in the world, South Korea has paid very little attention to the role that sport can play as a tool for social and personal development (i.e. Development through Sport approach). Similarly, scholars also paid little attention to the ‘development through sport’ approach in South Korea while predominantly focusing their attention in taking the ‘development of sport’ approach. In recent years, however, the South Korean government has begun to show interest in the ‘development through sport’ approach to become a truly advanced sporting nation. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to explore how South Korea's paradigm in sport has historically shifted from ‘development of sport’ to ‘development through sport’ in its socio-political context.     

极限运动后低氧暴露对CUBA大学生篮球运动员血液缓冲能力的影响

为观察极限运动后递增强度的低氧暴露情况下CUBA大学生篮球运动员血液缓冲能力的变化对10名CUBA大学生篮球运动员分别在安静状态下（A组）、极限运动即刻（A1组）、极限运动后进行2h递增程度的低氧暴露即刻，即PO2为14．6Kpa的低氧暴露即刻（A2组）和PO2为11．2Kpa的低氧暴露即刻（A3组）采取桡动脉血2ml，测试代表缓冲系统能力的指标值BE（碱超）、HCO3-（碳酸氢根离子）、PH（酸碱度）、PCO2（二氧化碳分压）、TCO2（二氧化碳总量）的变化。结果表明，代表缓冲系统能力的指标值BE、HCCO3-、PH、PCO2、TCO2Al组相比A组均有不同程度的下降（P〉0．05）；A2组相比A1组有增高的趋势（P〉0．05），但仍低于A组；A3组相比A组、A1组、A2组均有上升（P〉0．05）。极限运动后低氧暴露对提高篮球运动员血液缓冲能力有重要作用。     

略论中学班级管理策略

班级管理作为学校教育管理的基石和难点,引起了政府和学校的普遍关注。本文从学生主体性出发,认为理解学生是教育管理班级及成员的基础,深情的期待是促使班级发展的动力,延缓策略为学生发展成长提供心灵空间,而诚挚是增强师生互动交往的必要条件。现代班级教育管理,只有运用智慧策略才能取得良好成效。     

少数民族考生高考加分政策的改良路径探讨

我国少数民族考生高考加分政策是当前保障各民族受教育权利实质性公平的政策,虽然存在一些问题和困难,但要通过认真界定受惠对象、细化加分标准、公开信息监督、制定逐步淡化的时间表等方式,改良现行的粗放式政策,以真正体现高等教育受教育权的民族平等。     

论大学生思想道德教育

高校担负着培养社会主义事业的建设者和接班人的重任,大学生是整个社会中知识层次较高、认识能力较强的一个特殊群体,如何在大学生中加强德育教育,是高校教育工作值得认真思考的问题。