滇南方言的特点和范围

讨论划分方言可以采用的各种标准,结合滇南方言的语音特点和特征,确立了划分滇南方言采用具有“单一性”、“一致性”、“排他性”特征的“音质标准”,并在此基础上划分了滇南方言的范围,同时,也对某些讨论滇南方言的不确切观点提出了商榷意见。     

Response-cost punishment with pigeons: Further evidence of response suppression via token loss

Four pigeons responded on a two-component multiple token-reinforcement schedule, in which tokens were produced according to a random-interval 30-sec schedule and exchanged according to a variable-ratio 4 schedule in both components. To assess the effects of contingent token loss, tokens were removed after every second response (i.e., fixed-ratio 2 loss) in one of the components. Response rates were selectively lower in the loss components relative to baseline (no-loss) conditions, as well as to the within-condition no-loss components. Response rates were decreased to a greater degree in the presence of tokens than in their absence. To control for the effects of changes in the density of token and food reinforcement, two parts consisted of additional conditions where food density and token loss were yoked to those in a previous loss condition. In the yoked-food condition, tokens were produced as usual in both components, but the overall density of food reinforcement in one of the components was yoked to that obtained during a previous token-loss condition. In the yoked token-loss condition, tokens were removed during one component of the multiple schedule at a rate that approximately matched the obtained rate of loss from a previous token-loss condition. Response rates in these yoked components were less affected than those in comparable loss components, despite similar densities of token, exchange, and food reinforcement. On the whole, the results support the conclusion that contingent token loss serves as an effective punisher with pigeons.     

Oseen流动中粘性对自由表面波的影响

Based on the complex dispersion relation for the two-dimensional free-surface waves generated by a moving body in the steady Oseen flows, the effect of viscosity on wavelength and wave amplitude was investigated by means of an asymptotic method and a numerical analysis. A comparison between the asymptotic and numerical analysis for the viscous decay factor demonstrates the validity of the perturbation expansions for the wave profile. The numerical result shows that the wavelength of viscous wave is slightly elongated in comparison with that of inviscid wave.     

塔与灯的真实--论《到灯塔去》中灯塔的象征意义

伍尔夫的《到灯塔去》富含各类象征意象。其中，灯塔是最重要的象征意义复合体，是拉姆齐夫妇的形象代表，象征着理智与情感、现实与理想的统一。同时，伍尔夫也借这一“客观对应物”表达了她对世界存在本质的看法。战后的灯塔之行反映了伍尔夫在困顿中的良好愿望，这既是对世界本体的确认，也是对人物自我求证的肯定。     

Forming shared inquiry structures to support knowledge building in a grade 5 community

This study explores the reflective processes by which a grade 5 science community co-constructed shared inquiry structures to focus and guide its inquiry about human body systems over a school year supported by a collaborative online environment. The co-constructed structures included a list of collective wondering areas as the shared focus of inquiry and models of the inquiry process in the form of “research cycle.” Qualitative analyses of field notes, classroom videos, student notebooks and interviews elaborate the evolution of the inquiry areas and the “research cycle” model as well as students’ adaptive use of the structures to guide deeper inquiry. Content analyses of students’ individual research questions and collaborative online discourse indicate that students used the structures to develop more advanced inquiry and make productive contributions. The results contribute to elaborating a reflective structuration approach to co-organizing and sustaining long-term, open-ended inquiry in knowledge building communities.     

部队院校开放性电学实验教学实践

随着信息化技术的快速发展,现代社会对于高校学员的综合素质要求越来越高,实验教学也需要做相应的调整以适应需求。在电学实验中开设"智能灯"项目的开放实验就是基于此种目的,在模拟电路实验和数字电路实验课程中锻炼学员解决问题、动手实践的能力,再结合新的开放实验考核方式对学员的综合素质做出评价,有利于学员创新思维、个性发展的培养。     

Career guidance in India based on O*NET and cultural variables

The Occupational Information Network (O*NET) is the primary source of occupational information in the United States (US). In this study, I review O*NET’s usage for career guidance in India and conceive a career intervention based on it. In an empirical evaluation adopting a posttest-only experimental design with post-graduate management students (N = 220), effectiveness of the career intervention in reducing career decision-making difficulties is presented. An important cultural insight the study offers regarding occurrence of career decision-making difficulties, are the differences due to vertical–horizontal characteristics, apart from the more researched individualism–collectivism characteristics.     

Experiential learning in doctoral training programmes: fostering personal epistemology through collaboration

There has been increasing recognition for the need to reform doctoral training practices to foster students’ personal epistemology. This study describes the design and evaluation of a learning experience designed to help students understand the scholarly publication process. Firstly, this study discusses the design of the learning experience, describing the collaborative process of writing an interdisciplinary publication using both online and face-to-face learning. Secondly, this study evaluates the effectiveness of the learning experience by examining students’ reflections. We show that participation in the learning experience helped students to develop their academic writing proficiency, collaboration and teamwork, intercultural competence, and ability to engage in reflective practice. Importantly, we show that each student also created more individualised knowledge, gaining insight into how they and others think. This study, therefore, demonstrates that personal epistemology can be fostered through collaboration in a doctoral writing group context.     

Studienförderung für Auslandsstudien

In der Entscheidung Morgan und Bucher hat der Europäische Gerichtshof zwei Regelungen des deutschen Bundesausbildungsförderungsgesetzes zur Ausbildungsförderung für Auslandsstudien als gegen die Freizügigkeit der Unionsbürger nach Art 18 EGV verstoßend und somit gemeinschaftsrechtswidrig angesehen. Das Urteil unterstreicht die Bedeutung, die der Gerichtshof der Freizügigkeit und der Gleichbehandlung von Unionsbürgern im Bildungsbereich zuerkennt. Dies wird von Österreich auch bei Klärung der Hochschulzugangsproblematik zu berücksichtigen sein. Das durch eine Novelle zum österreichischen Studienförderungsgesetz eingeführte Mobilitätsstipendium ist entsprechend den vom Europäischen Gerichtshof in Morgan und Bucher entwickelten Grundsätzen am Gemeinschaftsrecht zu messen.     

论片面共犯的理论基础及其实践意义

片面共犯应作为共同犯罪的一种特殊形式予以肯定。片面共犯区别于完全的共同犯罪，但有其存在的理论基础，符合共同犯罪的构成要件，并且当今的现实社会中存在着大量的片面共犯的现象。因此，应肯定片面共犯学说，完善共同犯罪理论。