大学本科力学类课程的公式辅助记忆方法研究

力学课程作为工科专业的重要基础课程,有大量公式需要学生记忆和掌握,从而给学习带来了一定困难。文章作者从力学课程的特点出发,结合多年的教学实践经验,针对多门力学课程,总结出了多种辅助记忆公式的方法,并取得了良好的授课效果。     

1982 FIFA World Cup: from Spain’s struggle for democratic legitimacy to Italy’s rediscovery of football nationalism

ABSTRACT

One of the most memorable moments in the World Cups history is Marco Tardelli’s second goal in Italy’s win over Germany in the 1982 World Cup finals. Better known as Tardelli’s scream, it is thus a perfect object to analyse in order to understand football’s deeper social meanings and its political and cultural undertones, in this case both for the World Cup champions, Italy, and for the host country, Spain. In the Spanish case, organizing the World Cup was a huge political opportunity for the just restored democracy to showcase to the world a modern and pluralistic society leaving behind the authoritarian and outdated dictatorship. As for Italy, their first World Cup winning since World War II was heavily politically used by actors across the political spectrum. Such nationalistic approach constituted a novelty after decades of a low profile national discourse.     

Validity and reliability of a low-cost dynamometer to assess maximal isometric strength of upper limb

Muscle imbalance and deficit are key parameters for guiding rehabilitation and sports sessions and avoiding injuries. However, the high cost and non-portable nature of most instruments employed for muscle strength assessment frequently hamper an affordable evaluation in field conditions. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of a low-cost digital dynamometer to assess the maximal isometric strength of upper limb muscles. Fourteen physically active volunteers performed the main movements of the upper limb at maximal isometric strength: flexion-extension, internal-external rotation and abduction-adduction of the shoulder; and flexion-extension of both elbow and wrist. Validity was examined by comparing the strength values from the low-cost digital dynamometer and those measured by an isokinetic dynamometer, assumed as the gold standard. The correlation between both devices was perfect (r > 0.913), while Bland-Altman plots showed absolute agreement between both devices, the maximum range of the values of bias was ?0.99–1.00 N in wrist extension. Inter-tester and intra-tester reliability were excellent for all movements (ICC ≥ 0.855). The low-cost digital dynamometer showed strong validity and excellent reliability in assessing maximal isometric strength during the main movements of the upper limb. Professionals may use it for an affordable isometric muscle strength assessment in field situations.     

Effects of Different Chair-Based Exercises on Salivary Biomarkers and Functional Autonomy in Institutionalized Older Women

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test the effects of chair-based exercise programs on salivary stress hormones, physical fitness, and functional autonomy of institutionalized older women. Method: In total, 47 participants (80 ± 8.04 years old) were recruited and allocated into three groups: chair-based aerobic exercises (CAE, n = 19), chair-based elastic-band strength exercises (CSE, n = 15), and a control group (CG, n = 13). A 14-week exercise intervention was done for the CAE and CSE groups, two times per week, in no consecutive days. Members of the CG did not participate in any type of exercise but kept their regular lifestyle. Fear of falling, autonomy, physical fitness, salivary cortisol, and alpha-amylase levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: The CAE group improved upper and lower body strength, agility–dynamic balance, and autonomy, with fear of falling decreasing significantly (p < .05, moderate effect size). Both exercise groups showed a trend toward an increase in salivary alpha-amylase levels (CAE = 43%, d = .31, and CSE = 44%, d = .41). Conclusion: Both exercise programs were able to improve functional autonomy, even in elders older than 80 years of age. It might be interesting to investigate the effectiveness of combining both aerobic and strength exercises in a unique protocol. The modulation effect of exercise in the hormonal responses needs to be further explored.     

Light-load maximal lifting velocity full squat training program improves important physical and skill characteristics in futsal players

This study aimed to compare the effect of 6 weeks of resistance training or combined resistance training and change of direction exercises on physical performance and motor skills in futsal players. Thirty-four futsal players were divided into full squat group (SG, n = 12), combined full squat and change of direction exercises group (S+CDG, n = 12) and control group (CG, n = 10). The resistance training for SG consisted of full squat with low load (~45–58% 1RM) and low volume (4–6 repetitions), whereas the S+CDG performed the same resistance training program combined with loaded change of direction. Sprint time in 10 and 20 m, change of direction test, countermovement vertical jump (CMJ) height, maximal strength and force–velocity relationship in full squat exercise, kicking speed ball (BS_mean) and repeated sprint ability (RSA_mean) were selected as testing variables. Both experimental groups showed significant improvements for CMJ, BS_mean and all strength parameters. Only SG resulted in significant sprint gains, whereas S+CDG also achieved significant improvements in RSA_mean. The CG remained unchanged after training period. No significant differences were found between both experimental groups. These findings suggest that only 12 sessions of either lightweight resistance training alone, lifting the load at maximal intended velocity or combined with change of direction exercises is enough to improve several physical and skills capacities critical to futsal performance in adult players.     

大剂量补充亮氨酸对抗阻运动所致骨骼肌损伤的影响

摘要：目的：探讨补充亮氨酸对无训练史被试进行抗阻运动所致骨骼肌损伤的影响。方法：16名青年男性大学生据体重随机分为补充亮氨酸组与安慰剂对照组,亮氨酸和安慰剂组被试从测试日深蹲抗阻运动前3周直至运动后4 d分别以每千克体重150 mg剂量摄入150 mL亮氨酸或糊精溶液。测试日各组被试以50% 1RM负荷完成5组深蹲运动,每组20次,组间间歇2 min。深蹲运动前于肘正中静脉采集血样,测量大腿围、纵跳高度、膝关节活动幅度与肌肉酸痛程度,并于运动后即刻、24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h重复测试。ELISA法检测血清CK-MM、Mb与血浆IL-6,胶乳增强免疫比浊法检测血清CRP。结果：与安慰剂组被试相比,补充亮氨酸显著降低了亮氨酸组被试运动后延迟性肌肉酸痛水平、大腿中段周长及血清CK-MM、Mb、CRP与血浆IL-6含量,而深蹲1-RM值、纵跳高度及膝关节ROM组间差异则并无统计学意义。结论：1）每千克体重150 mg剂量亮氨酸能够削弱抗阻运动所导致的骨骼肌损伤与疼痛,该效应可能与对炎症反应的抑制有关,且推测亮氨酸对骨骼肌蛋白质代谢平衡的调节作用在其中亦有贡献;2）该剂量亮氨酸不能明显促进工作肌机能恢复。     

“宙合方圆”：客家土楼的生命世界

在闽粤赣交界的闽西山区,有着让世界为之震撼的“独一无二的神话般的山区建筑”,它们便是客家土楼。这是一种集体聚居的生土夯筑的大型建筑,形式多样,且因地制宜,与周围山水和谐相处。2008年7月7日,第32届世界遗产大会正式将“福建土楼”列入《世界遗产名录》,成为中国第36个世界遗产地!     

大学英语写作中逻辑错误分析及对策

通过对湖南中医药大学非英语专业学生的两篇习作的研究表明：在纠正学生写作中所犯的逻辑错误方面,相比教师反馈,同级反馈效度低。因此,教师在对学生习作进行反馈时,尤其要指出学生逻辑思维方面的漏洞,以提高他们的逻辑思维能力,从而从根本上提高学生的写作应用能力。     

花样游泳运动员功能性体能训练

简述花样游泳项目特点,分析其对运动员体能素质的要求,提出功能性体能训练在花样游泳项目中的应用策略.认为功能性体能训练必须基于花样游泳运动员的体能需求与未来发展需要,结合运动员的身体指标有针对性地制订训练方案.     

第8届全国民运会摔跤扦别技术运用与分析

运用实地观察法和现场统计分析法,对第8届全国民运会摔跤比赛中扦别动作的使用率和成功率进行调查与分析,认为应该通过科学合理的训练方法来进一步提高扦别动作的成功率。