Resolution of low-velocity control in golf putting differentiates professionals from amateurs

It is difficult for humans to apply small amounts of force precisely during motor control. However, experts who have undergone extended training are thought to be able to control low-velocity movement with precision. We investigated the resolution of motor control in golf putting. A total of 10 professional and 10 high-level amateur golfers participated. Putting distances were 0.6–3.3 m, in increments of 0.3 m. We measured the impact velocity and the club-face angle at impact, and the acceleration profile of the downswing. The professionals showed significantly smaller coefficients of variation with respect to impact velocity and smaller root mean square errors in relation to acceleration profiles than did the amateurs. To examine the resolution of motor control for impact velocity, we investigated intra-participant differences in the impact velocity of the club head at two adjacent distances. We found that professionals had higher velocity precision when putting small distance intervals than did amateurs. That is, professionals had higher resolution of low-velocity control than did high-level amateurs. Our results suggest that outstanding performance at a task involves the ability to recognise small distinctions and to produce appropriate movements.     

Mass Media as a Macrolevel Source of Social Control: A New Direction in the Community Structure Model

A community structure model is grounded in the structural model of mass media originally formulated by the Minnesota team of Tichenor, Donohue, and Olien. Although recent theoretical and empirical work has led to major refinements of the community structure research, there remain substantive and promising issues that deserve to be examined by mass communication scholars. This article recasts the original structural model by integrating a community-oriented approach to social control and formulates a set of hypotheses with regard to the role of local mass media in community social control.     

Influence of surfactant concentration on counter-ion induced solubility of poly（pyridine-2,5-diyl）

INTRODUCTION Preparation and electrical properties ofpoly(arylene)s having π-conjugation system along thepolymer chain are the subject of recent interest(Skotheim et al., 1997; Nalwa, 1997; Yamamoto,2002). Among the poly(arylene)s, poly(p-phenylene),poly(pyridine-2,5-diyl) and poly(thiophene-2,5-diyl)are the most fundamental polymers and had beenextensively studied (Skotheim et al., 1997; Yama-moto, 2002; Nurulla et al., 2001). However, thesepolymers show only…     

Photochemical reactions of poly（3-butoxythiophene-2,5-diyl） with chloroform

INTRODUCTION π-conjugated polymers have received a great deal of attention because of their unique chemical and physical properties, including electrochromism, electrically conducting properties, chemical sensing ability, and electroluminescent properties. Their structures, synthetic methodologies, and physical and chemical properties were intensely studied in the past two decades (Friend et al., 1999; Heeger, 2001; Ya-mamoto, 2002). Especially, processable derivatives of polythiophene …     

Optimal pacing in road cycling using a nonlinear power constraint

In the individual road cycling discipline known as a time-trial, variable power pacing under variable grade conditions leads to improved performance. However, it is unclear whether these power variations result in an optimal finishing time. Typical pacing strategies use an average power constraint, which requires maintaining a constant speed regardless of grade fluctuations; however, this is physiologically infeasible for cyclists. We used an exponentially weighted average (EWA) power constraint in which a nonlinear relationship between the power output and physiological cost was assumed. We defined the optimal pacing (OP) strategy by minimizing the total cycling time subject to the EWA power constraint, and set the EWA of the power output of both the OP and constant power (CP) strategies to the same baseline value. The model showed that the OP strategy outperformed the CP strategy in terms of minimizing the finishing time under variable grade conditions, the power distribution of the OP strategy was identical to that of the CP strategy under constant grade conditions, and the average power output of the OP strategy was always lower than that of the CP strategy under variable grade conditions. Numerical simulations were performed on two hypothetical 40-km courses using both the CP and OP strategies. We found that under variable grade conditions, the time-saving rates of the OP strategy relative to the CP strategy were 2.7 and 2.8% for the two simulated courses.     

大学对所处区域社会的贡献——以日本创价大学为例

如何对所处区域社会作出贡献,获得区域居民的认同和区域社会的肯定,作为当今大学的必须面对的挑战之一,一直为日本创价大学办学者所重视.本文回顾总结了创价大学创始以来的两点重要经验.