System Analysis for Oxygen Uptake Kinetics with Step and Pseudorandom Binary Sequence Exercise in Endurance Athletes

We examined whether the system analysis for step and pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) exercises could be useful to characterize oxygen uptake (VO₂) kinetics of female sedentary subjects and endurance athletes. Breath-by-breath VO₂ was determined during step- and PRBS-cycle ergometer exercises. The time course of the VO₂ kinetics was evaluated by the time constant of the second phase, which should reflect the adjustment of the oxidative metabolism at the skeletal muscle level. The VO₂ kinetics were significantly faster in long-distance runners than in sedentary subjects for both exercises. A significant relationship was observed in the VO₂ kinetics obtained from step and PRBS exercises. In each group, there was no significant difference in the VO₂ kinetics for step and PRBS exercises. These results indicated that the system analysis with PRBS exercises revealed the faster VO₂ kinetics in endurance athletes than in sedentary subjects.     

Sport studies

The sport-for-development movement has grown exponentially in the last decade generating increasing academic attention. However, existing research has rarely sought the views of young people despite them being both the main target audience of initiatives and frequently the deliverers. This paper seeks to address young people's absence within research and advocate the importance of engaging them in sport-for-development debates to enhance understanding of current delivery and to improve policy and practice in the future. The paper examines Zambian young people's views of HIV/AIDS peer-led education delivered through sport considering particularly whether young people believe such interventions can encourage empowerment and subsequent behaviour change. The paper outlines the importance of improving understanding of how young people can begin to translate knowledge into agency. The paper concludes with the suggestion that change is more likely if peer-led education through sport programmes are combined with multi-layered interventions directed at all levels of communities.     

Dispositions of elite-level Australian rugby coaches towards game sense: characteristics of their coaching habitus

Bourdieu's analytic concept of habitus has provided a valuable means of theorising coach development but is yet to be operationalised in empirical research. This article redresses this oversight by drawing on a larger study that inquired into how the ‘coaching habitus’ of elite-level Australian and New Zealand rugby coaches structured their interpretation and use of the Game Sense approach to coaching to illustrate how habitus can be operationalised. It focuses on the identification of characteristics of the individual coaching habitus of four elite-level Australian rugby coaches and how they shape their interpretation and use of Game Sense. Drawing on suggestions made by Lau, we identify the characteristics of four individual ‘coaching habitus’ by examining their views on: (1) the characteristics of good coaches; (2) characteristics of great rugby players and how to develop them; and (3) their dispositions towards innovation in coaching.     

A Multidimensional Timing Device for Cinematography

Abstract

Six tests were developed for the purpose of measuring selected basic skills in ice hockey. The test-retest method indicated four tests as reliable. Validity coefficients for each of the four tests when compared to subjective ranking in each skill ranged from .75 to .96. Intercorrelations were computed among the tests. The puck carry test correlated with the other three tests and was determined the best single-item for measuring overall ability. It was concluded that an ice hockey test battery should include at least three of the tests.     

The Relationship between Perceptual and Motor Abilities

Abstract

Eighty randomly selected kindergarten pupils were administered one of four figure-ground variations of a gross motor task in order to determine the effects of the various patterns on the performance of the task. All subjects were administered the figure-ground subtest of the Frostig Developmental Test of Visual Perception and the gross motor task which involved walking in a lateral direction between the rungs of a ladder placed in a horizontal position over a floor pattern. An analysis of variance revealed significant differences in the error-time performance among the groups. Pearson product-moment correlation techniques revealed significant relationships between the gross motor task and the Frostig test.     

Spot Reduction of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue

Abstract

This study was designed to determine if the skinfold measurements on an exercised arm would decrease as a result of regular weight training with that arm. Thirty-two subjects completed three sets of 7-RM curls and three sets of 7-RM triceps extensions on either a daily or an alternate day schedule for a period of 6 weeks. The nonexercised arm was measured to establish the specificity of the spot reduction on the exercised arm. The results indicate that hard exercise in a specific area of the arm will result in a reduction of the subcutaneous adipose tissue in that area.     

Rotation,Translation, and Trajectory in Diving

Abstract

Theories causing rotation of the body in diving were critically reviewed and a statement relating angular momentum to both the angle of lean and the angle of force was presented. Equations were developed by which the partition of energy between rotation and translation could be computed.     

Effects of Different Durations of Physical Training on Cardiorespiratory Function,Body Composition,and Serum Lipids

Abstract

The purpose of the study was to determine the effects of 15, 30, and 45 min of conditioning on maximum performance and cardiorespiratory fitness variables, body composition, pulmonary function, and serum lipids. Subjects, ages 20 to 35, were 59 inmates at a California state prison. The conditioning included running and walking and was performed three days/week at approximately 85 to 90% max HR for 20 weeks. The distance covered per exercise session was approximately 1.75, 3.25, and 5.1 miles for the 15-, 30-, and 45-min groups, respectively.

Improvements in treadmill performance time. [Vdot]O₂ max, max O₂ pulse, diastolic blood pressure, and total skinfold fat were proportional to duration of the training session; i.e., the subjects training in the longer duration sessions showed the greater improvements. The control group showed no significant change during the same period. Compared to the control group, the 15-min group made significant reductions in resting HR, total skinfold fat, percent fat, and waist girth and increases in [Vdot]O₂ max, max O₂ pulse,[Vdot]_E max, and treadmill performance time. Vital capacity, FEV_1.0, and % FEV_1.0 remained relatively unchanged in all four groups, as did serum cholesterol and triglycerides. The 45-min group improved significantly more than the 15-min group in treadmill time, [Vdot]O₂ max, max O₂ pulse, resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures, and percent fat. In general, comparisons between the 15- and 30-min groups and between the 30- and 45-min groups failed to yield statistically significant differences.