Energy conversion strategies during 100 m sprinting

The aims of this study were to examine energy conversion strategies during 100 m sprinting and to determine whether there are opportunities for performance enhancement beyond the usual ‘maximum effort throughout’ strategy. The roles of aerodynamic drag and kinetic energy recovery on the overall whole-body energy balance are discussed. A mathematical model based on sprinting with maximum effort, converting chemical energy as rapidly as possible to mechanical energy, is used to calculate a reference performance. Subsequent calculations show the effect of inserting a period of constant-speed running on overall running time. The paper explores how the timing of entry into the second phase affects the overall running time. Overall, the calculations show that no benefits result from adopting a running strategy involving the insertion of a constant-speed phase; the analysis confirms that the strategy of running with maximum effort is the optimum. For a certain range of conditions, the insertion of a short period of constant-speed running has been shown to have a negligible effect on overall running time. For elite male athletes, the constant-speed phase may be entered between 55 and 60 m from the start line, while for elite female athletes the corresponding values are between 46 and 53 m from the start.     

The Behaviorist in the Boardroom: The Research of Frank Stanton,Ph.D.

In 1946, at the age of 38, Frank Stanton was named President of CBS. While much of Stanton's work as a corporate executive has been chronicled, his accomplishments as one of America's earliest scholars of radio audience measurement remain neglected in media scholarship. This article reviews Stanton's research efforts between 1933 and 1942, and in doing so it places his work within the contexts of contemporaneous social and psychological media inquiry. Discussions of Stanton's methodological approach, his innovative dissertation, his scholarship, and his collaboration with key figures in the history of communication research are informed by primary and secondary sources.     

Miami, Florida-new city in the new world

The land of Florida was one of the first areas explored in the New World during the Age of Discovery; Miami is one of the newest major cities to develop in our present age. Members of the Medical Library Association are invited to come to the 1967 Annual Convention on Miami Beach and to enjoy both the past and the present in Miami and in Florida.     

Area Health Education as the foundation for a statewide biomedical communications network

In 1972, the Medical University of South Carolina was awarded a contract to establish four Area Health Education Centers in South Carolina. These centers, based in community hospitals, provide residency programs and clinical instruction for medical, dental, nursing, pharmacy, and allied health students and continuing educational programs for health professionals. A plan for delivering library and other information services to the designated Area Health Education Centers is described.     

Horizontal wires replace the vertical files

Traditionally, clippings of newspaper articles, pictures from magazines, pamphlets, charts, graphs, posters, proceedings, or copies thereof, and other miscellaneous information sources have been stored in vertical files in libraries. The practice of creating and maintaining vertical files is extremely time consuming. In a medical library, in particular, old information about diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis can quickly become incorrect, misleading, and possibly harmful. Adequately tending to the vertical files can require a librarian to create a balancing act between properly maintaining vertical files and meeting the needs of the users in other areas of the library. The maintenance of vertical files is, by nature, highly consumptive of paper and space consuming. A reasonable alternative to the traditional vertical files is the World-Wide Web. Search engines exist for locating specific information, and bookmarks and/or links which point users to particularly useful sites can be set in search software. Some methods for searching are discussed, and a variety of World-Wide Web information sources are offered.     

Medical student, resident, and faculty use of a computerized literature searching system

The experiences of medical students, residents, and faculty with a computerized literature searching system were evaluated. Third-year medical students, internal medicine and family practice residents, and full-time and voluntary faculty at one medical school had the opportunity to use a full-text and bibliographic medical literature retrieval system free of charge for an eleven-month period. Subjects conducted nearly nine thousand literature searches over a period of 942 system hours. Questionnaire data showed that participants could learn to use and would use an electronic information system, felt capable of using the system, utilized the system for a variety of purposes and in a number of different ways, and viewed the system as a valuable tool in searching the medical literature. The results are discussed in the context of the educational needs of the four user-groups and medical education planning by institutions.     

Comparison of bibliographic databases for information on the rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness

OBJECTIVE: The research sought to examine the overlap in coverage between several health-related databases, thus enabling the identification of the most important sources for searching for information on the rehabilitation of people with severe mental illness. METHODS: The literature was searched within a systematic review. Several health-related databases were retrieved (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, The Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, PsycLIT, Sociofile, and Social Science Citation Index), noting their source and comparing results retrieved from each database. FINDINGS: The total number of studies retrieved from each database varied. Almost a third of the papers retrieved from each database were unique to that source. Forty-two percent of the papers were only found in one database. Restricting a search to one database alone would miss many papers and could affect the results of a systematic review. PsycLIT was the most useful database for this topic area, containing 44% of the papers. MEDLINE, the database of first choice for many health professionals, held only 29%. CONCLUSIONS: No database was determined to be significantly more useful than any other--each warranted inclusion in the study. Reliance cannot be placed on one database alone, and other methods such as hand searching should also be used. Although this may not be new information for information professionals, it is likely to be new for health professionals and researchers who are increasingly performing their own literature searches. Information professionals have an important role to play in conveying this message to those outside their profession.