Visual Constancies Amidst Changes in Handled Objects for 5- to 24-Month-Old Infants

Manual skills slowly develop throughout infancy and have been shown to create clear views of objects that provide better support for visually sustained attention, recognition, memory, and learning. These clear views may coincide with the development of manual skills, or that social scaffolding supports clear viewing experiences like those generated by toddlers during active object exploration. This study used a head-mounted eye tracker to record 5- to 24-month-olds’ object views during repeated mother-infant play sessions (Ns = 18). Results show an early beginning of scaffolding in which parents generate views similar to those of older infants and toddlers, resulting in increased fixations to objects. The finding implicates parents as early scaffolders of object attention and learning.     

Compression of double array structures for fixed length keywords

A trie is one of the data structures for keyword matching. It is used in natural language processing, IP address routing, and so on. It is represented by the matrix form, the link form, the double array, and LOUDS. The double array representation combines retrieval speed of the matrix form with compactness of the list form. LOUDS is a succinct data structure using bit-string. Retrieval speed of LOUDS is not faster than that of the double array, but its space usage is smaller. This paper proposes a compressed version of the double array by dividing the trie into multiple levels and removing the BASE array from the double array. Moreover, a retrieval algorithm and a construction algorithm are proposed. According to the presented experimental results for pseudo and real data sets, the retrieval speed of the presented method is almost the same as the double array, and its space usage is compressed to 66% comparing with LOUDS for a large set of keywords with fixed length.     

Context constraint disambiguation of word semantics by field association schemes

Word sense disambiguation is important in various aspects of natural language processing, including Internet search engines, machine translation, text mining, etc. However, the traditional methods using case frames are not effective for solving context ambiguities that requires information beyond sentences. This paper presents a new scheme for solving context ambiguities using a field association scheme. Generally, the scope of case frames is restricted to one sentence; however, the scope of the field association scheme can be applied to a set of sentences. In this paper, a formal disambiguation algorithm is proposed to control the scope for a set of variable number of sentences with ambiguities as well as solve ambiguities by calculating the weight of fields. In the experiments, 52 English and 20 Chinese words are disambiguated by using 104,532 Chinese and 38,372 English field association terms. The accuracy of the proposed field association scheme for context ambiguities is 65% higher than the case frame method. The proposed scheme shows better results than other three known methods, namely UNED-LS-U, IIT-2, and Relative-based in corpus SENSEVAL-2.     

A method of extracting malicious expressions in bulletin board systems by using context analysis

Bulletin board systems are well-known basic services on the Internet for information frequent exchange. The convenience of bulletin boards enables us to communicate with other persons and to read the communication contents at any time. However, malicious postings about crimes are serious problems for serving companies and users. The extracting scheme of the traditional methods depends on words or a sequence of words without considering contexts of articles and, therefore, it takes a lot of human efforts to alert malicious articles. In order to reduce the human efforts, this paper presents a new filtering algorithm that can recover the error rate of false positive for non-malicious articles by using context analysis. The presented scheme builds detecting knowledge by introducing multi-attribute rules. By the experimental results for 11,019 test data, it turns out that sensitivity and specificity of the presented method become 38.7 and 24.1 (%) points higher than traditional method, respectively.     

戴面具的男人

前情提要 在小强的庆功宴上,他意外向Lily求婚,这让Lily又惊又喜,疑虑重重的同时,Lily还是很幸福地接受了小强,在婚礼上,剪不断理还乱的其他主角也一一登场了。     

Word classification and hierarchy using co-occurrence word information

By the development of the computer in recent years, calculating a complex advanced processing at high speed has become possible. Moreover, a lot of linguistic knowledge is used in the natural language processing (NLP) system for improving the system. Therefore, the necessity of co-occurrence word information in the natural language processing system increases further and various researches using co-occurrence word information are done. Moreover, in the natural language processing, dictionary is necessary and indispensable because the ability of the entire system is controlled by the amount and the quality of the dictionary. In this paper, the importance of co-occurrence word information in the natural language processing system was described. The classification technique of the co-occurrence word (receiving word) and the co-occurrence frequency was described and the classified group was expressed hierarchically. Moreover, this paper proposes a technique for an automatic construction system and a complete thesaurus. Experimental test operation of this system and effectiveness of the proposal technique is verified.     

The policy-implementation-results linkage for education development and aid effectiveness in the Education 2030 era

Education 2030, the new global agenda for educational development, emphasises inclusion and learning outcomes. The top-down programme-based approach, a mainstay of international aid, has up to now failed in helping developing countries to meet these objectives because it tends to overlook where the link is broken between policy implementation from the ‘top’ and results ‘on the ground’. Conversely, those on the ground tackling the learning more directly do not seem to have sufficient capacity to use their experiences to inform institutional and systemic reforms, from the bottom up, as it were. The link between policy, its implementation and the results on the ground could be established through strengthened dialogue between these two approaches. Tapping into the existing knowledge and experience on teaching and learning while at the same time addressing institutional and systemic concerns would be instrumental in facilitating interaction between these two facets of international aid.