大学的治权:理念和资金的关系

大学面临着一个混乱的时代，许多国家的大学都为数量、质量、治权和经营的问题所困扰。本试图从分析大学理念和资金的关系入手，解剖大学治权的深层结构、所存在的问题和未来发展的方向。     

The Science of Human Interaction and Teaching

There is a missing link between our understanding of teaching as high‐level social phenomenon and teaching as a physiological phenomenon of brain activity. We suggest that the science of human interaction is the missing link. Using over one‐million days of human‐behavior data, we have discovered that collective activeness (CA), which indicates the simple high‐frequency‐motion ratio of a group to total time, plays a fundamental role. Even solo‐work performance, such as telephone‐sales success rate, is more influenced by CA than by one's individual skill level, which has been the conventional target of employee efficiency education. CA is experimentally found to drive people collectively to challenge for greater performance and happiness through a synchronized proactive mind. This is, in fact, deeply related to understanding the question “What is teaching?”     

Adverse effects of energy restriction on myogenic enzymes in judoists

In this study, we examined the effects of weight reduction by restricting energy intake on muscle function and serum concentrations of myogenic enzymes in judoists. Twenty-seven male judoists aged 19.3±0.6 years (mean±s) were divided into three groups based on the extent of body weight reduction: high weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05?m, body mass 78.5 ±13.6?kg), low weight reduction (height 1.70±0.05?m, body mass 80.7±13.1?kg) and a group that maintained body weight while continuing to perform exercise training (height 1.78± 0.07?m, body mass 78.7±8.8?kg). Body composition, blood biochemistry, energy intake and anaerobic power were assessed on four occasions: 20 days (baseline data), 4 days and 1 day before and 7 days after competition. Compared with baseline, body mass and fat-free mass were significantly lower 1 day before competition in the high and low weight reduction groups (both P?<0.01); these changes persisted for 7 days after competition in the high weight reduction group. Serum creatine kinase was significantly elevated 1 day before competition in all groups (all P?<0.05), and remained higher 7 days after competition in both the high and low weight reduction groups. Compared with baseline, maximal anaerobic power was significantly lower 1 day before competition only in the high weight reduction group (P?<0.01). Our results suggest that energy restriction in addition to intense exercise training before major competition has an adverse effect on anaerobic power and elevates serum creatine kinase concentration, leading to an impairment of muscular function and an increased susceptibility of muscle tissue to injury.     

Empirical analysis of evolution of product architecture: Fanuc numerical controllers from 1962 to 1997

Almost all of the existing studies on product architecture adopt the research framework of comparing the advantages and disadvantages of modular architecture with those of integral architecture. In this paper, we attempt to propose an evolutionary perspective of product architecture. In order to consider the evolution of a product architecture, we analyze the history of Fanuc numerical controllers regarding the evolution of NC architecture from 1962 to 1997. Then we can derive the following hypotheses concerning the evolution of the product architecture. First, the product architecture basically evolves from the integral architecture to the module architecture, and then in the direction of open architecture. Second, in specific circumstances this change does not always progress in the same direction. When epoch-making technology, such as the microprocessor, is incorporated into the product system the direction of the progress in architecture may be reversed from the module to the integral.     

A new algorithm based on metaheuristics for data clustering

This paper presents a new algorithm for clustering a large amount of data.We improved the ant colony clustering algorithm that uses an ant’s swarm intelligence,and tried to overcome the weakness of the classical cluster analysis methods.In our proposed algorithm,improvements in the efficiency of an agent operation were achieved,and a new function "cluster condensation" was added.Our proposed algorithm is a processing method by which a cluster size is reduced by uniting similar objects and incorporating them into the cluster condensation.Compared with classical cluster analysis methods,the number of steps required to complete the clustering can be suppressed to 1% or less by performing this procedure,and the dispersion of the result can also be reduced.Moreover,our clustering algorithm has the advantage of being possible even in a small-field cluster condensation.In addition,the number of objects that exist in the field decreases because the cluster condenses;therefore,it becomes possible to add an object to a space that has become empty.In other words,first,the majority of data is put on standby.They are then clustered,gradually adding parts of the standby data to the clustering data.The method can be adopted for a large amount of data.Numerical experiments confirmed that our proposed algorithm can theoretically applied to an unrestricted volume of data.     

日本式雇佣制度和大学生就业

本文从不同角度分析1960年以后日本不同学历的劳动市场的变化过程。在此基础之上，回顾了高等教育的经济分析、日本的雇佣制度与学历主义关系、科学技术与高等教育的关系等三方面的研究成果。最后，对过去的研究进行评价，并展望了日本大学毕业生就业的未来。     

An interpolation based on Cauchy's integral representation

In this paper, we present a new method of interpolation on equally spaced collocation points in a fixed interval on the x-axis. The proposed scheme is an iterative one which combines Taylor expansion and Cauchy's integral representation. The convergence rate of the method is investigated theoretically and verified numerically. Additionally, some numerical results are also shown to discuss the usefulness of the present method.     

A boundary residual method with heat polynomials for solving unsteady heat conduction problems

In this paper, we present a new method for solving unsteady heat conduction problems, which is based on a time–space boundary residual method with heat polynomials. More specifically, it employs an integral least squares criterion for the initial and boundary residuals so as to determine the unknown coefficients in a trial expansion of heat polynomials. Though it treats only one-dimensional cases, the present approach shows a good applicability for such heat conduction problems.     

JSPS:日本科技进步的助推器

本文主要介绍日本学术振兴会JSPS(JapanSocietyforthePromotionofScience)历史与现状 ,评述由日本JSPS掌控和管理的日本科学研究补助金 (Grants -in -aidforscientificresearch)的特点 ,分析JSPS在日本科学进步过程中所发挥的积极作用 ;以及新世纪日本JSPS发展趋势和给我们提供的借鉴和启示。