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971.
To examine individual differences in pride and shame reactions of 3-year-olds and their temperamental and parenting antecedents, 110 boys were studied at ages 36 and 37 months in a "rigged" achievement situation. After being trained to complete explicitly stipulated "easy" and "difficult" tasks before a buzzer sounded, success and failure were manipulated by artificially "rigging" how much time the child had to work on these tasks. Children's facial, verbal, and postural reactions to success and failure were composited to create pride scores following success and shame scores following failure. As expected, pride reactions were greater following success on the difficult than on the easy task, and shame reactions were greater following failure on the easy than on the difficult task. Early temperament (at 12/13 months) proved unrelated to pride and shame. With respect to parenting, measurements composited across 15, 21, 27, and 33 months showed that mothers and fathers who were more positive in their parenting had children who displayed less pride, and that children whose parents (especially mothers) were more negative in their parenting evinced less shame. These counterintuitive findings are discussed in terms of differences between assessments of parenting obtained in this investigation of parenting antecedents and those obtained in other studies of parental responses in the achievement situation itself. Directions for future research are outlined.  相似文献   
972.
A major challenge for intervention programs involves ensuring that new response patterns occur in circumstances and at times other than the training setting. Teaching children to use verbal cues to control nonverbal behaviours is suggested as a procedure for establishing adaptive behaviours and as a self‐management strategy for ensuring generalization and maintenance of new responses.  相似文献   
973.
Byrnes and Fox get much right in their review of the relevance of cognitive neuroscience for educational psychology. They are correct that theoretical reduction is to be welcomed. They are also right that neurophysiological findings can constrain psychological theory and that this too is to be welcomed. Their review is on the mark in recommending that educational psychologists must become bilingual in their understanding of neurological terms and their analogous psychological constructs. The one difference in our positions that I do highlight is one of calibration rather than strong disagreement—my level of enthusiasm for scientific reduction in domains related to education is somewhat more muted than that of Byrnes and Fox because of wariness bom of the premature reductive attempts that litter our field.  相似文献   
974.
Science and Technology is a new Key Learning Area in NSW Primary Schools. Survey results are used to compare preservice teachers (on entry and in the third year of their degree) with practising teachers, on their confidence in their knowledge about the topics in the syllabus, as well as their confidence to teach these topics. Reasons for stated confidence (or lack of it) are reported together with preservice and practising teachers' views about what needs to be done to improve their confidence. Preservice and practising teachers' opinions of the major sources of their knowledge about the topics in the new syllabus are contrasted. Results are discussed in the light of severalDiscipline Review recommendations. Specializations: primary science teacher education; environmental education; curriculum development.  相似文献   
975.
This paper addresses some issues relating to the inclusion and exclusion of young children with disabilities in regular early childhood settings. Statements from parents, early childhood educators and support staff are analysed and presented as representing a number of discourses that are the context within which disability and provisions for children with disabilities are created. Exclusionary discourses include a theme of disability as difference, whereby disabled children are considered not to be the responsibility of ordinary early childhood educators or services. Inclusionary discourses, on the other hand, have as a central theme the 'humanness' of disabled children, supporting a rights discourse and a view of disabled children as belonging in ordinary early childhood settings. Cet article s'adresse àdes sujets concernant l'inclusion et l'exclusion des jeunes enfants incapacités dans les milieux ordinaires de la première enfance. Les discours des parents, des éducateurs de la première enfance et du personnel de soutien sont analysés et présentés comme représentant de nombreux discours qui sont le contexte dans lequel l'incapacitéet les services spécialisés pour les enfants incapacités sont créés. Les discours de l'exclusion incluent un thème de l'incapacité comme la différence par laquelle les enfants incapacités ne sont pas considérés comme la responsabilitédes éducateurs ou des services ordinaires de la première enfance. En revanche les discours de l'inclusion ont l'humanitédes enfants incapacités comme un thème principal, soutenant un discours de droits et une opinion des enfants incapacités comme faisant partie des milieux ordinaires de la première enfance. Este art ¤ Iculo discute cuestiones relacionados con inclusión y exclusión de nin~os incapacitados en escenarios preescolar regular. Declaraciones de padres, educadores preescolares y personal soporte estn analizados y presentados como representando un nmero de discursos que estn en el contexto donde incapacidades, y provisiones para nin~os incapacitados, estn creados. Discursos de exclusio´n incluyen un tema de incapacidades como diferencia, donde los nin ¨ os incapacitados no estn considerados como la responsibildad de los educadores o los servicios regulares. Discursos de inclusio´n tienen como tema central 'lo humano' de los nin ¨ os incapacitados, apoyando un discurso de derechos y una vista de nin ¨ os incapacitados como s ¤ I, pertenecen a escenarios preescolar regular.  相似文献   
976.
Gerald Grace's (2000) paper Research and the Challenges of School Leadership: the Contribution of Critical Scholarship is applauded for making a powerful case for critical leadership studies to be taken seriously and for providing an exhortation for many educationists to think again about headship. However, this paper suggests that Grace's paper is weakened by: (a) traditionalism (e.g. a false equation of leadership with headship and neglect of more recent discourses of leadership, distributed leadership and complexity theory); (b) reductionism, oversimplification, selectivity and misrepresentation in his consideration of educational management studies; (c) neglect of the considerable overlap between critical leadership studies and educational management studies; (d) an untenably negative view of educational management studies (neglecting their potential for realising the same agenda as critical leadership studies); (e) eurocentrism; and (f) his neglect of foundational issues in, and authors on, critical theory.  相似文献   
977.
It has been proposed that the phonological coredeficit that is linked to reading failure hasas its underlying cause a deficit in temporalprocessing. In a multivariate investigationdesigned to examine the temporal processingdeficit hypothesis, thirty reading-disabled(RD) adults, thirty-two normally achievingadults and thirty-one normally achievingchildren (reading-level controls) wereadministered a comprehensive battery thatincluded a wide range of timing tasks, inaddition to reading and phonological measures. Although adults with RD displayed overallperformance that was below that of normallyachieving adults on most of the timing tasks,their performance was not differentiallyinfluenced by rate of stimulus presentation. Although the RD adults displayed the typicalpattern of impaired phonological awareness andpseudoword reading relative to reading-levelmatched children, the reading-disabled adultsoutperformed the children on the timing tasks. Finally, with the exception of continuousnaming, the timing tasks shared little variancewith phonological sensitivity and contributedlittle unique variance to word reading. Although these findings undermine the timingdeficit hypothesis, they do provide evidencefor the involvement of naming deficits inreading disability.  相似文献   
978.
The concept of sustainable professional development in the context of community teachers’ colleges in Papua New Guinea is reviewed, with particular reference to the Papua New Guinea Community Teachers’ College Lecturers’ Professional Development Project. Seven obstacles to sustaining professional development are described, and strategies are suggested for building on the achievements of the Project in relation to personal professional development of lecturers and the review of institutional programmes and procedures.  相似文献   
979.
The ubiquity of mobile devices together with its potential to bridge classroom learning to real-world has added a new angle to contextualising mathematics learning. This study investigated the effects of using mobile technologies to students’ attitudes and achievement. A quasi-experimental mixed method design was adopted. Participants were 52 Primary 6 and 7 students. The experimental group participated in a weekly mobile-supported, collaborative learning activities spanning over three months. A no treatment control group was adopted. The experimental group have positive perception of the activities evidenced by student interviews and end activity evaluations. Students’ attitude to mathematics, as assessed by a mathematics attitude inventory, found no significant change for both groups except for the significant decline in enjoyment for the control group. A t test of the gain score between group showed a significant difference, t(43) = 4.57, p = 0.005, ES = 0.89 which indicates that the experimental group had higher gains than the control group. These results indicate that the use of mobile technologies elicit positive responses from students both in terms of how they perceive the mobile activities and how it improved their performance but its’ effect on students attitudes towards mathematics will need to be further investigated. Some implications of the findings are discussed.  相似文献   
980.
A coherent conception of dyslexia has been difficult to arrive at because research findings have continually created logical paradoxes for the psychometric definition of reading disability. One such paradox is that cognitive research has undermined the assumption of specificity in the definition of dyslexia. The assumption of specificity is the underlying premise that the cognitive problems characteristic of the dyslexic child are reasonably specific to the reading task and do not implicate broader domains of cognitive functioning. This paper demonstrates how to develop hypotheses about the cognitive deficits of dyslexic children that do not undermine the assumption of specificity. Phonological awareness is explored as one candidate process. It is argued that in order to avoid the pitfalls surrounding the assumption of specificity three things are important: 1) We must understand the operation of Matthew effects in education (rich-get-richer and poor-get-poorer effects); 2) Strict psychometric criteria must be used to define dyslexia; 3) We must continually be aware that dyslexia does not demarcate a discrete category, separate from other groups of poor readers, but represents the outcome of the application of an arbitrary criterion in a continuous distribution.  相似文献   
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