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21.
Athens sits in a basin approximately 450 km2 in area, surrounded by mountains and open sea. Anthropogenic emissions in conjunction with the topographical and meteorological conditions can result in high air pollution within the city. The pollutants of concern for athletes competing in Athens 2004 appear to be nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone and particulate (PM10) pollution. Exposure to elevated ozone concentrations has been reported to give rise to symptoms that include cough, chest pain, difficulty in breathing, headache, eye irritation and a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second. All of these effects are likely to impact upon performance, and several studies of cyclists suggest this to be the case. In contrast, the impact of ambient concentrations of NO2 appears to be negligible on normal activities, but at high exercise intensities the impact remains unclear. The use of currently available information and models to predict the effect of ozone and other pollutants on elite athletes is problematical, since such models are based upon significantly lower ventilation rates than those achieved by some elite athletes. In addition, it is already known that the response to ozone can vary somewhat between individuals. Since the individuals who will be competing in Athens are physiologically very different to the participants in most published studies, it is difficult to predict individual responses. There is some evidence to indicate that adaptation to the adverse health and performance effects of ozone can occur, so that performance is partially recovered on re-exposure. The adaptation is not seen in all studies and appears to be dependent on several factors, including the initial sensitivity of the individual to ozone. Antioxidant supplementation has also been shown in some studies to partially ameliorate the adverse effects of ozone by counteracting the oxidative stress mechanism associated with this pollutant. Whether this transfers to performance enhancement per se remains unclear at present. Additional research is required to gain a sound understanding of the effects of a complex mixed air pollution exposure on the pulmonary function and performance of athletes exercising at high work intensities. 相似文献
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我国对学生体质健康现状的调查表明:我国学生存在体质健康持续下降的危机。据此,文章从家庭、学校应试教育和传统社会文化等方面探讨了导致学生体质健康持续下降的成因,并提出了提高学生体质健康水平的具体对策。 相似文献
24.
Searching online information resources using mobile devices is affected by small screens which can display only a fraction
of ranked search results. In this paper we investigate whether the search effort can be reduced by means of a simple user
feedback: for a screenful of search results the user is encouraged to indicate a single most relevant document. In our approach
we exploit the fact that, for small display sizes and limited user actions, we can construct a user decision tree representing
all possible outcomes of the user interaction with the system. Examining the trees we can compute an upper limit on relevance
feedback performance. In this study we consider three standard feedback algorithms: Rocchio, Robertson/Sparck-Jones (RSJ)
and a Bayesian algorithm. We evaluate them in conjunction with two strategies for presenting search results: a document ranking
that attempts to maximize information gain from the user’s choices and the top-D ranked documents. Experimental results indicate
that for RSJ feedback which involves an explicit feature selection policy, the greedy top-D display is more appropriate. For
the other two algorithms, the exploratory display that maximizes information gain produces better results. We conducted a
user study to compare the performance of the relevance feedback methods with real users and compare the results with the findings
from the tree analysis. This comparison between the simulations and real user behaviour indicates that the Bayesian algorithm,
coupled with the sampled display, is the most effective.
Extended version of “Evaluating Relevance Feedback Algorithms for Searching on Small Displays, ” Vishwa Vinay, Ingemar J.
Cox, Natasa Milic-Frayling, Ken Wood published in the proceedings of ECIR 2005, David E. Losada, Juan M. Fernández-Luna (Eds.),
Springer 2005, ISBN 3-540-25295-9 相似文献
25.
通过文献资料法、录像观察法、小样本SAS软件因子分析法,对2011-2012CBA总决赛双方五场比赛中技术应用的指标进行了特征因子分析,结果为:篮球比赛中技术因素发挥是对立统一、相互博弈的辩证关系;通过纵、横向比较两队总决赛中每场次综合因子得分,制胜因子与遏制因子博弈的贡献统计,对双方比赛的竞技实力进行了讨论,旨在为今后的篮球竞赛与技术训练提供有价值的参考。 相似文献
26.
Ken Jones 《Journal of Philosophy of Education》2001,35(1):131-140
My aim in this paper is to make the case for encouraging friendship in sport. First, I argue that sport is especially conducive to friendship. Second, I argue that since friendship is life‐enhancing then to participate in sport and not to have made friends is to have failed to take a life‐enhancing opportunity. Third, I argue that there are sporting benefits to be had from sporting friendships. Finally, I say something about the role of friendship in sport achieving its broad political aim of helping ‘to build a better and more peaceful world’. 相似文献
27.
28.
Marc Wilson Maree Hunt Liz Richardson Hazel Phillips Ken Richardson Danna Challies 《Higher Education》2011,62(6):699-719
In New Zealand, Māori (indigenous New Zealanders) and Pacific students tend not to attain the same levels of educational success
as Pākehā (New Zealanders of European descent). Addressing this problem is a particular challenge in the sciences. The kaupapa
(values-base) of Te Rōpū Āwhina (Āwhina) is to produce Māori and Pacific professionals to contribute to Māori and Pacific
development and leadership through the creation of an inclusive off- and on-campus whānau (extended family) environment where
high expectations, aspirations and achievement, collective success, and reciprocity are normalised. This paper reviews theories
and practices of recruitment and retention relevant to Māori and Pacific students at tertiary level, presents the rationale
for Āwhina in the Faculties of Science and Architecture and Design at Victoria University of Wellington, and assesses the
impact of the whānau. Based on analyses of quantitative measures of student achievement, and biennial surveys of student responses
from the first 6 years of Āwhina, it is suggested that the results are consistent with improving Māori and Pacific graduate
and postgraduate achievement and retention. Potential implications for efforts to reduce disparities in tertiary education
in New Zealand and elsewhere are summarised. 相似文献
29.
Ken Yellis 《Curator: The Museum Journal》2009,52(4):333-348
Abstract Our relationships with our audiences have proved parlous. But if history is destined to be contested, where should museums be in that contest and how do we get there? Fred Wilson's Mining the Museum has turned out to be a path not taken; Enola Gay was a cautionary tale. But we should have these fights in museums, where the national narrative is blocked out and staged, because of how museums teach us, opening hidden windows on cloaked realities. Museums can start by becoming clearer about what they think they are doing when they make an exhibition. Exhibitions can have a profound effect on visitors at many levels but it doesn't happen very often. Is that because visitors seek another kind of experience from what we typically offer? 相似文献
30.
Ken Edwards 《Higher Education in Europe》2006,31(3):289-293
This paper describes briefly the academic tenure and its legislative terms in the UK, over the last twenty years. The author refers to the current wider situation/trends in the international higher education arena of two categories of academic staff – “established” staff (on permanent contract) and fixed‐term staff – and to how their levels of protection can have an impact on the overall health of the universities and their academic freedom. 相似文献