2002年初公布的关于玻尔与海森伯会面的文件

1941年秋天,海森伯与玻尔在哥本哈根会面。由于当事双方都没有留下记录,其缘由、经过、效果,以及对各自心理与身后声名造成的影响,一直以来都是局限于科学史界内讨论的一桩公案。1998年,英国剧作家迈克尔·弗雷恩(Michael Frayn)的《哥本哈根》问世,引发了公众对这个悬案的普遍关注。为了防止公众的误解,2002年2月6日,玻尔家族决定将存放在尼耳斯·玻尔档案馆中的所有11个有关文件提前解密,而不是像先前那样只对极少数研究者开放。从这批文献公布后学术界的不同反应来看,"哥本哈根迷雾"仍然存在。2007年8月,我国研究玻尔的专家戈革教授在生病住院前将所有这些信件译出。考虑到它们在科学史上的重要性,也为了纪念去年底刚去世的戈革教授,我们这里全文刊发他的译文,包括他所翻译的玻尔文献馆馆长芬·奥瑟若德(Finn Aaserud)所写的一个说明。由于原始文献多为并未实际发出去的打印稿或笔录稿,文中个别语句不够连贯,有的文件内容重复,由此也可以体会玻尔在书写或口授这些文件时异常复杂的心情。为了向中文读者提供一个有关这批文献的完整面貌,我们对以上问题未作更多的技术处理。感谢戈革教授的女儿戈疆与北京大学秦克诚先生向我们提供戈革教授的遗稿,秦先生改正了遗稿中的少数笔误。     

A qualitative study of student responses to body painting

One hundred and thirty‐three preclinical medical students participated in 24 focus groups over the period 2007–2009 at Durham University. Focus groups were conducted to ascertain whether or not medical students found body painting anatomical structures to be an educationally beneficial learning activity. Data were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Five principal themes emerged: (1) body painting as a fun learning activity, (2) body painting promoting retention of knowledge, (3) factors contributing to the memorability of body painting, (4) removal from comfort zone, and (5) the impact of body painting on students' future clinical practice. Students perceive body painting to be a fun learning activity, which aids their retention of the anatomical knowledge acquired during the session. Sensory factors, such as visual stimuli, especially color, and the tactile nature of the activity, promote recall. Students' preference for painting a peer or being painted is often dependent upon their learning style, but there are educational benefits for both roles. The moderate amounts of undressing involved encouraging students to consider issues surrounding body image; this informs their attitudes towards future patients. Body painting is a useful adjunct to traditional anatomy and clinical skills teaching. The fun element involved in the delivery of this teaching defuses the often formal academic context, which in turn promotes a positive learning environment. Anat Sci Educ 3:33–38, 2010. © 2009 American Association of Anatomists.     

Intelligent system for diabetes prediction in patients with chronic pancreatitis

This paper presents the results of the JSM-method for automated support of scientific research (ASSR JSM-method) implemented in a computer intelligent system (IS-JSM), which predicts the development of diabetes in patients with chronic pancreatitis. For the first time the ASSR JSM-method is applied to a sequence of expanding databases of facts, which was used for the detection of empirical regularities (ERs), viz., preserved causes of the studied effect (development of diabetes in patients with chronic pancreatitis). To recognize ERs in the IS-JSM, we used an algebraic lattice of JSM-reasoning strategies (inductive inference rules). These results have an informative clinical interpretation and prove the usefulness of data mining using the IS-JSM, which can be used as a tool for evidence-based medicine.     

On the Class of JSM Reasoning That Uses the Isomorphism of Inductive Inference Rules

This paper defines a special class of JSM reasoning whose strategies use the isomorphism of direct products of lattices that represent inductive inference rules. It is shown that the JSM reasoning formed by inductive inferences rules, analogical inference rules, and procedures for abductive acceptance of hypotheses is relationally correct.     

Student Teachers' Views of Pupil Misbehaviour in Classrooms: A Norwegian and an English setting compared

This paper examines how student teachers in Norway and England perceive pupil misbehaviour. The data are based on an opportunistic questionnaire survey of 86 student teachers in Kristiansand and 100 student teachers in York. Student teachers' perceptions of the seriousness of infractions were significantly different with regard to 7 of the items, with the students in Norway being relatively more tolerant. There were a few differences linked to sex and age. A principal components analysis identified 6 factors that were labelled: aggression towards other pupils, delinquent behaviour, oppositional behaviour, passive deviance, anti‐social behaviour, and off‐task behaviour. With few exceptions, student teachers in Norway and England regarded serious aggressive, delinquent and anti‐social behaviour as totally unacceptable. This suggests that it is appropriate to encourage student teachers (and their school mentors) to consistently censure these kinds of pupil misbehaviour.     

Economic independence among former students with special educational needs: changes and continuities from their late twenties to their mid-thirties

Abundant research exists on the transition from school to work of youth with disabilities. However, few studies investigate their subsequent long-term participation in working life. This study, drawing on a life course approach, aimed to examine how former students with special educational needs succeeded in finding full-time employment with sufficient pay to make them economically independent. The extent of economic independence was investigated in their late twenties and their mid-thirties. The sample (N?=?216) originates from a Norwegian longitudinal research project that commenced in the mid-1990s when the study participants just had started upper secondary school. Their special needs provision and their physical, psychological and/or social difficulties were recorded at the same time. After their teens, they were interviewed every fifth year. At both age phases close to 50% of the study participants were economically independent, men to a much greater degree than women. By logistic regression analyses, it was revealed that the independent variables influenced economic independence differently among men and women, for example, that educational attainment was important for women, but not for men. However, possession of a driving licence was crucial for men, but was relatively unimportant for women, at least in the first age phase. There was also a differential impact of parenthood. Having children increased the likelihood of being economically independent for men, whereas the impact was opposite for women, especially when they were approaching their mid-thirties. Processes of cumulative advantages and disadvantages were also observed, indicating that previous negative life course experiences dramatically reduce the chances of obtaining economic independence.     

The impact of alternative approaches to comforting,closeness of relationship,and gender on multiple measures of effectiveness

The impact of 6 approaches to comforting (suggesting a diversion, expressing optimism, providing an external account, offering assistance, explaining the perspective of the offender, and a combination of the first 5), attributed to either a good friend or a casual acquaintance, was assessed for 2 situations by 394 students. Distressed individuals responded to comforting messages along two dimension: feeling less upset and feeling demeaned, with some indications that yet a third dimension (appreciating the concern of the comforter) may exist. The message that combined elements from the other 5 approaches yielded generally the most positive responses, but responses to specific message approaches varied with situation and dimension of response. Messages from good friends were more successful than those from casual acquaintances in helping the distressed individual to feel less upset.     

A bibliometric analysis of the clinical development of drugs in Norway for the year 2000

Purpose: Bibliometric analysis of publications was used to investigate the research output relating to the development of drugs in Norway and to evaluate the impact of Norwegian involvement in this research. Material and methods: One hundred and nine articles published between 2002 and 2008 were analysed. Bibliometric methods used were as follows: information on peer review, impact factor (IF), the Science Citation Index (SCI) and the representation of Norwegians in the list of authors. Results: All publications were in journals with peer review or in publications with corresponding evaluation. Industrial support, international research cooperation and drug development in phases I, II and III seem to promote publication in journals with high IF and a high SCI. In 63% of the international project articles, the Norwegian contributors were not represented in the list of authors. Conclusion: In addition to a scientific standard secured by referees, three probably independent factors – industrial support, international cooperation and early phases of the research (phases I, II and III) – seem to promote publications in journals with high IF and a high SCI. A more active Norwegian contribution to the research should be encouraged.