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71.
The president’s science advisor was formerly established in the days following the Soviet launch of Sputnik at the height
of the Cold War, creating an impression of scientists at the center of presidential power. However, since that time the role
of the science advisor has been far more prosaic, with a role that might be more aptly described as a coordinator of budgets
and programs, and thus more closely related to the functions of the Office of Management and Budget than the development of
presidential policy. This role dramatically enhances the position of the scientific community to argue for its share of federal
expenditures. At the same time, scientific and technological expertise permeates every function of government policy and politics,
and the science advisor is only rarely involved in wider White House decision making. The actual role of the science advisor
as compared to its heady initial days, in the context of an overall rise of governmental expertise, provides ample reason
to reconsider the role of the presidential science advisor, and to set our expectations for that role accordingly.
相似文献
Roberta KleinEmail: |
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M S Klein 《Bulletin of the Medical Library Association》1989,77(4):357-365
The Children's Hospital of Michigan Medical Library has adapted several of the Integrated Academic Information Management Systems (IAIMS) concepts and implemented them at a hospital library level. These have included features of network development, electronic interfacing and interlinking, and implementing an integrated information system in the library. The library has incorporated several information systems into library operations, including a variety of in-house, local, and national automated systems and telecommunication networks. Hospital libraries can incorporate IAIMS features and promote an institutional framework of interconnecting communication systems and electronic linkages. 相似文献
74.
SUMMARY The relationship between monotonous work, mental fatigue, and reduction in efficiency has been discussed at length in the literature. This paper examines a theory, based on the interactions revealed in those studies, that uninterrupted examination of a large number of tests over an extended period of time, leads to inconsistency in grading. Three specialists judged typed compositions of seventh-grade pupils, and independently awarded the grade of 80% to 31 papers. These compositions were submitted to 60 female teachers. Each teacher received all 31 papers, stacked in one of three different, randomly arranged sequences. The subjects, unaware of the earlier review, were asked to read the compositions in one sitting and in the order in which they were stacked, and to assign a grade. There was no communication between teachers in the project with regard to the task. The variable found to contribute significantly to the grading pattern was the order in which the essays were arranged. The first tests received lower grades, on average, than those awarded by the specialists. As the teachers worked their way through the stack, the grades gradually rose, and eventually exceeded those given by the specialists. The discrepancy between the mean evaluation of the first papers and last papers in the pile was approximately 10%. Teacher seniority and other variables tested did not contribute significantly to the process. 相似文献
75.
The growth in professional learning is opening up many new opportunities for the application of e‐learning to the world of continuing professional development (CPD). CPD programmes require professionals to engage in annual programmes of professional development, and in some cases revalidation or recertification. To date, most of this activity has been off‐line. Increasingly, CPD requirements will be satisfied through the use of learning resources available on‐line or packaged into specially tailored e‐learning courses. Societies and professional associations – as the primary managers and coordinators of CPD programmes – are in a strong position to expand upon their existing Web‐based initiatives to deliver a new generation of e‐learning services to their members. 相似文献
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How can we assess the opportunity that students have to learn the material they find on tests? How do students' perceptions of opportunity to learn differ from their teachers? 相似文献
79.
Donald C. Klein 《Learned Publishing》2000,13(2):83-94
This paper examines how the free distribution of electronic information on the internet is rapidly changing the commercial environment for small to medium‐sized print publishers, and suggests some recommendations for publishers in the process of establishing their own web strategies. It begins by addressing the concept of the ‘network economy’ and the way in which electronic networks have changed the fundamental economics of many businesses. It then suggests seven recommendations for learned and professional society publishers adapting their own business models to the web, highlighting the need to differentiate print from electronic products by building an electronic information services portal for current members and subscribers. 相似文献
80.
Simple Bayesian Model for Bitmap Compression 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Bitmaps are a useful, but storage voracious, component of many information retrieval systems. Earlier efforts to compress bitmaps were based on models of bit generation, particularly Markov models. While these permitted considerable reduction in storage, the short memory of Markov models may limit their compression efficiency. In this paper we accept the state orientation of Markov models, but introduce a Bayesian approach to assess the state; the analysis is based on data accumulating in a growing window. The paper describes the details of the probabilistic assumptions governing the Bayesian analysis, as well as the protocol for controlling the window that receives the data. We find slight improvement over the best performing strictly Markov models. 相似文献